The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 25 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study
Open accessAbstract
Objective:This study examines whether overweight in midlife increases dementia risk later in life.Methods:In 1963 body mass index was assessed in 1152 participants of The Swedish Twin Registry, at the age of 45–65 years. These participants were later screened for dementia in a prospective study with up to 40 years follow-up. A total of 312 participants were diagnosed with dementia.Results:Logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographic factors, smoking and alcohol habits, indicated that men and women categorized as overweight in their midlife had an elevated risk of dementia (OR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.21–2.07, P=0.002), Alzheimer's disease (OR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.24–2.35, P=0.003), and vascular dementia (OR=1.55; 95% CI: 0.98–2.47, P=0.059). Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases did not substantially affect the associations, except for vascular dementia (OR=1.36; 95% CI: 0.82–2.56, P=0.116), reflecting the significance of diabetes and vascular diseases in the etiology of vascular dementia. There was no significant interaction between overweight and APOE ɛ4 status, indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect with regard to dementia risk.Conclusions:This study gives further support to the notion that overweight in midlife increases later risk of dementia. The risk is increased for both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, and follows the same pattern for men and women.
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15 Not checked yet · 15 Own result · 7 Own interpretation · 5 Own method · 1 No basis given
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“except for vascular dementia (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.82 to 2.56, p = .116)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“However, the risk was substantially reduced in Model II by including diabetes and vascular diseases (OR = 1.36; p = .162), reflecting the significance of these factors in the aetiology of VaD.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
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“The sex stratified analyses on BMI and dementia risk showed the same pattern among men and women, therefore, these results will not be presented separately.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Finally, the sex stratified analyses indicated the same pattern for men and women.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
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“For APOE ε4 status the OR was 3.99 (95% CI = 2.96 to 5.38, p < .001), confirming the well established role of APOE e4 as a risk factor for dementia.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
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In the paper
“Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases did not substantially affect the associations, except for vascular dementia (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.82 to 2.56, p = .116), reflecting the significance of diabetes and vascular diseases in the aetiology of vascular dementia.”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases in Model II did not substantially change this association.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
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In the paper
“There was no significant interaction between overweight and APOE ε4 status, indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect concerning dementia risk.”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“The interaction between BMI and APOE ε4 was not statistically significant (p = .781), indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect on dementia risk but rather an additive effect (see Table 4).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
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In the paper
“This analysis resulted in an OR of 1.62 (95% CI = 1.17 to 2.24, p = .008) for BMI status (as compared to OR of 1.59 for N=1152).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
plaincorrelationaln = 732 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Alzheimer’s disease (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.35, p = .003)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“When BMI was examined in relation to AD the same pattern was found as with all dementia, although the association was stronger in terms of risk, OR = 1.71 in Model I, and OR = 1.68, in the fully adjusted model.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
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In the paper
“When APOE ε4 status was included as a covariate, the association between BMI status and dementia was somewhat weaker, although still statistically significant (OR =1.57, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.20, p = .013).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
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In the paper
“When BMI was examined in relation to AD the same pattern was found as with all dementia, although the association was stronger in terms of risk, OR = 1.71 in Model I, and OR = 1.68, in the fully adjusted model.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
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“In our sample, however, less than 5% were obese according to this criterion.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Methods > Overweight
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In the paper
“and follows the same pattern for men and women”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Finally, the sex stratified analyses indicated the same pattern for men and women.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Conclusions
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In the paper
“This study gives further support to the notion that overweight in midlife increases later risk of dementia.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Our results showed that midlife overweight significantly increased the risk of dementia in old age, even after controlling for known comorbid factors related to vascular risk.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Conclusions
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“Another reason is that BMI is a better measure of adiposity in younger samples as lean body mass is replaced by fat with increasing age 11.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Roche AF . Human body composition and the epidemiology of chronic disease. Obes Res 1995; 3: 73–95. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our study, along with other studies show that even after controlling for these comorbid risk factors, overweight is still a significant risk factor of dementia.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“These participants were later screened for dementia in a prospective study with up to 40 years follow-up.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Methods
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In the paper
“Finally, and most importantly, measuring overweight in midlife may reflect a more valid perspective on a persons’ lifelong exposure to overweight, especially given the fact that most people tend to gain rather than lose weight in adulthood.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
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In the paper
“This implies that the participants were at the age of 69+ (for the SATSA) and 80+ (for the OCTO-Twin) at inclusion, meaning that the results can only be generalized to people who survive into that age.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“Thus, when in the life course a risk factor for dementia is measured determines if and how the association is characterized 12, 13.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overweight should be measured in midlife in order to reveal the association to subsequent dementia because people often lose weight prior to diagnosis 9 and early in the dementia phase 10.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Stewart R, Masaki K, Xue QL, Peila R, Petrovitch H, White LR et al. A 32-year prospective study of change in body weight and incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 55–60. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] White H, Pieper C, Schmader K . The association of weight change in Alzheimer's disease with severity of disease and mortality: a longitudinal analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1223–1227. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Generally, our results are in congruence with results from studies where overweight is measured in midlife and the follow up time for the dementia outcome is extensive 2–4.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Rosengren A, Skoog I, Gustafson D, Wilhelmsen L . Body mass index, other cardiovascular risk factors, and hospitalization for dementia. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 321–326. source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry Jr CP, Yaffe K . Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2005; 330: 1360. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Whitmer RA, Gustafson DR, Barrett-Connor E, Haan MN, Gunderson EP, Yaffe K . Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later. Neurology 2008; 71: 1057–1064. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
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In the paper
“vascular dementia (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 0.98 to 2.47, p = .059)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“Concerning VaD, the risk associated with higher BMI fell short out of significance in Model I, (OR = 1.55; p = .059).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for demographic factors, smoking and alcohol habits, indicated that men and women categorized as overweight in their midlife had an elevated risk of dementia (OR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.07, p = .002)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“Model I (adjusted for demographics, smoking, and alcohol use) showed that midlife overweight was associated with greater risk of dementia, such that those with a BMI above the third quartile had a 59% greater risk of getting dementia in old age as compared with those with lower BMI.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 1,152 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this model, congestive heart failure (OR = 1.98), and stroke (OR = 6.97) were significantly related to risk of VaD (ps < .05), whereas diabetes was marginally significant (OR = 1.65; p = .067).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were statistically significant differences between controls and cases, such that the dementia group had more women, were older, had fewer years of education, had shorter survival, comprised more individuals who did not use alcohol, had more prevalent congestive heart failure, stroke, and APOE ε4 carriers, and a higher BMI (ps < .05).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Sample characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were statistically significant differences between the normal weight group and the overweight group, such that the overweight group had fewer years of education, comprised more individuals who did not use alcohol, hade more individuals with hypertension, congestive heart failure, and diabetes (ps < .05).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Sample characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study the dementia diagnoses were made through a thorough clinical procedure, resulting in a highly confident outcome diagnosis.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“However, analyses completed in the SATSA comparing self-reported and measured information on heights and weights (within a one year period) resulted in a correlation of 0.97 for height and 0.95 for weight20.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“However, correlational analyses conducted on SATSA20, comparing self reported and measured data on heights and weights, resulted in correlation of 0.97 for height and 0.95 for weight, supporting a notion of valid and reliable self reported data.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Methods > Overweight
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Stunkard AJ, Harris JR, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE . The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1483–1487. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reflecting the significance of diabetes and vascular diseases in the aetiology of vascular dementia”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“reflecting the significance of these factors in the aetiology of VaD”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The risk is increased for both Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, and follows the same pattern for men and women.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Further, the risk was increased for both AD and VaD.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect concerning dementia risk”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · hedged
“indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect on dementia risk but rather an additive effect (see Table 4)”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · hedged
In the paper
“In the study of Whitmer et al.15 overweight (BMI between 25 and 30) increased the risk of AD and VaD to the same extent (approximately a two- fold increased risk), whereas obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was more strongly related to VaD, indicating a five-fold risk, as compared to a three-fold risk of AD.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Quesenberry Jr CP, Zhou J, Yaffe K . Body mass index in midlife and risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2007; 4: 103–109. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prevalence rates of dementia in SATSA and OCTO-Twin have been found to resemble other similar studies such as the Kungsholmen study25 in Sweden, and the Framingham study26 in the U.S.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Methods > Dementia and vascular risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Fratiglioni L, Grut M, Forsell Y, Viitanen M, Grafström M, Holmén K et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in an elderly urban population: relationship with age, sex, and education. Neurology 1991; 41: 1886–1892. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn R, Knoefel JE, Cobb J, Belanger A et al. Prevalence of dementia and probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Framingham Study. Neurology 1992; 42: 115–119. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to the reviews, the studies that reported significant associations had younger samples at baseline and longer follow-up periods.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y . Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 204–218. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Gorospe EC, Dave JK . The risk of dementia with increased body mass index. Age Ageing 2007; 36: 23–29. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“By using midlife assessment of BMI and skinfold thickness3, it was found that midlife BMI predicted dementia among women only, whereas midlife skinfold thickness predicted dementia in both sexes, suggesting that BMI is an inaccurate measure of adiposity in men.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry Jr CP, Yaffe K . Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2005; 330: 1360. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In two recent systematic review articles 7, 8 on overweight and risk of dementia it was proposed that high body mass index (BMI) is independently associated with risk of dementia.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y . Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 204–218. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Gorospe EC, Dave JK . The risk of dementia with increased body mass index. Age Ageing 2007; 36: 23–29. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“APOE ε4 carrier status is a known risk factor for vascular disease and dementia 29, 30.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993; 261: 921–923. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Schmechel DE, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Crain BJ, Hulette CM, Joo SH et al. Increased amyloid beta-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 9649–9653. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies that have addressed potential sex differences in the association between overweight and dementia risk indicate that overweight may be a stronger risk factor for women as compared to men 3, 14.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry Jr CP, Yaffe K . Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2005; 330: 1360. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Hayden KM, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Khachaturian AS, Bastian LA, Charoonruk G et al. Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20: 93–100. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a recent study by the same group, midlife central obesity was found to predict dementia 4.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Whitmer RA, Gustafson DR, Barrett-Connor E, Haan MN, Gunderson EP, Yaffe K . Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later. Neurology 2008; 71: 1057–1064. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Hayden et al.14 who used BMI in a sample of people aged 65 years and older to predict incident dementia, found an increased risk only for women, however, the authors reported a problem with low statistical power in the analyses of men.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Hayden KM, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Khachaturian AS, Bastian LA, Charoonruk G et al. Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20: 93–100. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for demographic factors, smoking and alcohol habits”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies reported that overweight increases the risk of AD and not VaD in women 1, 14.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, Steen B, Skoog I . An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1524–1528. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Hayden KM, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Khachaturian AS, Bastian LA, Charoonruk G et al. Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20: 93–100. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was, however, dealt with in the statistical analyses by using multilevel models that account for the dependency within pairs.”
- Also stated in: § Data analyses · plain
“to account for the hierarchical structure in the data while accounting for the dependency associated with twin pair status”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Data analyses · plain
The authors state this as an assumption.
The random effect of the intercept across twin pairs is normally distributed with mean zero.
“The random effect was assumed to take a normal distribution with a mean of zero.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“extant literature that demonstrates midlife obesity as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.24–26”
From Cognitive Function After Bariatric Surgery: Evidence for Improvement 3 Years After Surgery (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
“except for vascular dementia (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.82 to 2.56, p = .116)”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
“the risk was substantially reduced in Model II by including diabetes and vascular diseases (OR = 1.36; p = .162)”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8346443 · Cited by 9,429
Román, G. C., Tatemichi, T. K., Erkinjuntti, T., Cummings, J. L., Masdeu, J. C., Garcia, J. H., Amaducci, L., Orgogozo, J.-M., Brun, A., Hofman, A., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.2.250 · Cited by 4,921
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue
Trayhurn, P., & Wood, I. S. (2004) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041213 · Cited by 2,210
Schmechel, D. E., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Crain, B. J., Hulette, C. M., Joo, S. H., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Goldgaber, D., & Roses, A. D. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9649 · Cited by 1,525
Obesity and Vascular Risk Factors at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
Kivipelto, M., Ngandu, T., Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M., Kåreholt, I., Winblad, B., Helkala, E.-L., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., & Nissinen, A. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.10.1556 · Cited by 1,291
Cited by
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Lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer disease
Kivipelto, M., Mangialasche, F., & Ngandu, T. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0070-3 · Cited by 1,173
From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways
Rogers, G. B., Keating, D. J., Young, R. L., Wong, M.-L., Licinio, J., & Wesselingh, S. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.50 · Cited by 969
History and progress of hypotheses and clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease
Liu, P.-P., Xie, Y., Meng, X.-Y., & Kang, J.-S. (2019) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-019-0063-8 · Cited by 723
Common neurodegenerative pathways in obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease
Pugazhenthi, S., Qin, L., & Reddy, P. H. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.017 · Cited by 697
Felice, F. G. D., & Ferreira, S. T. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1954 · Cited by 676
Metadata
- Authors
- Hassing, L. B., Dahl, A. K., Thorvaldsson, V, Berg, S., Gatz, M., Pedersen, N. L., & Johansson, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Jönköping University (SE)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hassing, L B
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2009-06-09
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 893-898
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- PMC
- PMC3025291
- OpenAlex
- W1971559855
- Semantic Scholar
- 148f24651fd855dd68fba99dc9a43aa9bd9b3532
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG004563, AG-10175, R37AG008861, AG04563, AG 08724, AG 08861, R01AG010175, R01AG008724)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- overweight, midlife, dementia risk, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, APOE ε4, sex differences, Swedish Twin Registry
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins E, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sweden, Dementia, Vascular, Body Mass Index, Overweight
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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