The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort
Open accessAbstract
Background/Objectives:A potential risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases is irregular or inconsistent eating, however, research on this topic is scarce. We aimed to study associations between irregular consumption of energy intake in meals and cardiometabolic risk factors.Subject and Methods:Dietary intake data were derived from 5-day estimated diet diaries of 1768 participants of the National Survey of Health and Development. Energy intakes during predefined meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, between meals) and daily totals were analyzed using a score for irregularity based on the deviation from the 5-day mean energy intake. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for having the metabolic syndrome or one of its components. Models were adjusted for sex, physical activity, socioeconomic status, marital status and smoking.Results:Irregularity scores of energy intake ranged from 0–160 and were highest for between meals. An increased risk of the metabolic syndrome was associated with more irregular energy intake during breakfast (OR=1.34 (0.99, 1.81); P trend=0.04) and between meals (OR=1.36 (1.01, 1.85); P trend=0.04). Moreover, increased waist circumference was associated with irregular energy intake during breakfast (OR=1.90 (1.47, 2.45); P trend <0.01), evening meal (OR=1.36 (1.06, 1.75); P trend=0.02) and daily total (OR=1.34 (1.04, 1.72); P trend=0.01). No significant associations were found for the other components of the metabolic syndrome.Conclusions:Individuals with a more irregular intake of energy, especially during breakfast and between meals, appeared to have an increased cardiometabolic risk.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 1768 British birth cohort participants aged 53, irregular energy intake at breakfast and between meals was associated with higher odds of metabolic syndrome, and irregular intake at several meals was associated with higher waist circumference and BMI. No significant associations were found for the other ATP-III metabolic syndrome components in the main analyses.
Key findings
- Irregularity scores ranged from 0–160 for breakfast, lunch, evening meal, and between meals, and 0–79 for daily total; scores were highest for between meals.
- Metabolic syndrome was associated with more irregular energy intake at breakfast (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.99–1.81; p trend 0.04) and between meals (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01–1.85; p trend 0.04); after further adjustment for energy intake at other meals, breakfast OR was 1.38 (1.01–1.87; p trend 0.03) and between meals OR was 1.38 (1.01–1.86; p trend 0.04).
- Increased waist circumference was associated with irregular energy intake at breakfast (OR 1.90, 1.47–2.45), evening meal (OR 1.36, 1.06–1.75), and daily total (OR 1.34, 1.04–1.72). Increased BMI was associated with irregular intake at breakfast (OR 1.46, 1.14–1.87), evening meal (OR 1.62, 1.27–2.06), between meals (OR 1.35, 1.06–1.72), and daily total (OR 1.45, 1.14–1.85).
- No significant associations were found for the other ATP-III metabolic syndrome components in the main analyses; secondary linear models reported higher plasma triglycerides with irregular breakfast intake.
Methods
- Longitudinal birth cohort study using the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD); 1768 participants at age 53 had dietary and metabolic syndrome data. Dietary intake came from 5-day estimated diet diaries, with predefined meal slots collapsed into breakfast, lunch, evening meal, and between meals.
- Irregularity score per meal was the absolute difference of individual energy intake from the 5-day mean for that meal, divided by the 5-day mean, multiplied by 100, and averaged over 5 days; daily total was calculated similarly. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios for metabolic syndrome, its components, and BMI, adjusted for sex, socio-economic status, marital status, physical activity, and smoking; a second model further adjusted for energy intake at other meals or estimated energy requirements. Linear regression explored continuous components. Sensitivity analyses included only plausible reporters (n=1441, 83%).
Limitations
- Stated: metabolic syndrome data were missing for 366 individuals, mainly due to missing HDL cholesterol (n=361), and non-fasting blood samples were used for triglycerides; those with missing data had higher BMI and waist circumference, smoked more, and were less physically active, possibly leading to regression dilution bias.
- Stated: predefined meal slots are subjective and may not suit subgroups such as shift workers, for whom data were unavailable; the single-age cohort limits generalizability to other ages and populations.
- Stated and evident: multiple testing could produce false positives, though the authors argue the meal irregularity tests are correlated; the observational design cannot establish causality, and self-reported 5-day diet diaries may not capture long-term eating patterns, with under-reporting possibly attenuating results.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening meal (OR 1.36 (1.06; 1.75); p trend 0.02)”
- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
“at evening meals (model 1: OR 1.36 (1.06; 1.75); p for trend <0.01)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“between meals (OR 1.36 (1.01-1.85); p trend 0.04)”
- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
“as was an irregular intake of energy between meals (model 1: OR 1.36 (1.01; 1.85); p for trend 0.04)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort members with a more irregular daily pattern of energy intake consumed less energy during breakfast, lunch, and during the evening meal compared to those with a more regular daily pattern (p trend <0.05).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increased BMI was associated with a more irregular intake of energy at breakfast (model 1: OR 1.46 (1.14; 1.87); p for trend <0.01)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening meal (model 1: OR 1.62 (1.27; 2.06); p for trend <0.001)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for between meals 1.38 (95% CI 1.01; 1.86; p for trend 0.04)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increased waist circumference was associated with irregular energy intake during breakfast (OR 1.90 (1.47; 2.45); p trend <0.01)”
- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
“Increased waist circumference was associated with a more irregular intake of energy at breakfast (model 1: OR 1.90 (1.47; 2.45); p for trend <0.01)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort members with a more irregular energy intake at breakfast had higher plasma triglycerides in adjusted models.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Secondary outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An increased risk of the metabolic syndrome was associated with more irregular energy intake during breakfast (OR 1.34 (0.99-1.81); p trend 0.04)”
- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
“More irregular intake of energy at breakfast was associated with a higher risk of the metabolic syndrome (model 1: OR for top versus bottom tertile 1.34 (0.99; 1.81); p value for trend across 3 groups=0.04)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“daily total (OR 1.34 (1.04; 1.72); p trend 0.01)”
- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
“as well as for the daily total (model 1: OR 1.34 (1.04; 1.72); p for trend 0.01)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Cardio-metabolic risk factors · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sensitivity analysis comparing those with missing data to the total population showed similar dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients and alcohol (data not shown), however, those with missing data for the metabolic syndrome seemed to have a higher BMI and waist circumference, smoked a little more and were somewhat less physically active.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort members with a more irregular energy intake during all mealtimes had higher waist circumferences (Table 4; model 0). After adjusting for sex, physical activity, SES, marital status and smoking, this finding remained statistically significant for all meals except for lunch (Table 4; model 1)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Secondary outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Irregularity score of energy intake ranged from 0-160 for breakfast, lunch, evening meal and between meals and 0-79 for the daily total irregularity score of energy intake.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For systolic and diastolic BP, HDL cholesterol and plasma triglycerides, no statistical significant associations were observed.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percentage of plausible reporters was 83% of all cohort members and was lowest for those with a more irregular intake of energy (T3:74%) compared to those with a more regular intake of energy (T1:87%).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the highest irregularity scores of energy intake were found for between meals (Table 2).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No statistical significant associations were observed for meal regularity of energy intake at the different meals and systolic BP, diastolic BP, and HDL cholesterol in adjusted models, although the unadjusted model for regularity of energy intake during breakfast was statistically significantly associated with systolic and diastolic BP as well as HDL cholesterol (Table 4, model 0).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Secondary outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort members with a more irregular total daily pattern of energy intake had a higher waist circumference and BMI (p for trend <0.05) and reported lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein (only for g/d), and higher intakes of fat (only for g/d) and alcohol (Table 1).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the highest number of married cohort members were in the second tertile and cohort members tended to be more physically active with higher irregular scores of energy intake (p for trend <0.05).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort members with a more irregular total daily pattern of energy intake had a higher waist circumference and BMI (p for trend <0.05)”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort members with a more irregular energy intake during breakfast, evening meal, between meals and daily total, had higher BMIs (Table 4; model 0). This remained after adjusting for sex, physical activity, SES, marital status and smoking (Table 4; model 1) as well as after further adjustment for energy intakes during the other meals (Table 4; model 2).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Secondary outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No effect modification by sex was observed and therefore results were presented for men and women combined (Table 3).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort members with a higher daily total irregularity score of energy intake also tended to have higher irregularity scores of energy intake for individual meals”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analyses including only plausible reporters of energy intake (n=1441, 83%) showed similar results though results were somewhat attenuated, for example cohort members with irregular intake of energy during breakfast appeared to have a higher risk of the metabolic syndrome (model 1: OR 1.45 (1.02;2.06)).”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Cardio-metabolic risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other characteristics, such as the ratio men to women, SES, and smoking were similar across tertiles of daily total irregularity scores of energy intake except for marital status and physical activity”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Results > Describing the sample
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating meal irregularity using variability in energy intake during meals as a proxy for irregularity.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the use of a cohort of one age does impact on the generalizability to other populations”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The studies of Farshshi et al showed that irregular meal consumption resulted in greater insulin resistance and higher fasting lipid profiles of total and LDL cholesterol in lean women7 and these effects appeared to be more pronounced in obese women8.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA . Regular meal frequency creates more appropriate insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles compared with irregular meal frequency in healthy lean women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 1071–1077. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA . Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 16–24. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies investigated another aspect of regularity, namely regular meal frequency and showed beneficial effects of regular meals on cardio-metabolic risk factors and BMI in both observational studies 5, 22; and intervention trials 7, 8.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Sierra-Johnson J, Unden AL, Linestrand M, Rosell M, Sjogren P, Kolak M et al. Eating meals irregularly: a novel environmental risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1302–1307. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] al-Isa AN . Obesity among Kuwait University students: an explorative study. J R Soc Promot Health 1999; 119: 223–227. source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA . Regular meal frequency creates more appropriate insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles compared with irregular meal frequency in healthy lean women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 1071–1077. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA . Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 16–24. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“overweight or obese people tend to under-report their dietary intake more than people with a normal weight25.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Lissner L, Heitmann BL, Bengtsson C . Population studies of diet and obesity. Br J Nutr 2000; 83 (Suppl 1): S21–S24. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dietary intakes were assessed using 5-day estimated diet diaries, which have taken over from the now rarely performed weighed assessments as the gold standard for dietary assessment 33, since they provide similar energy intakes 34.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Thompson FE Subar AF . Dietary assessment methodology. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease, 2nd edn. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008.
- Not checked yetcites [34] Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, Cassidy A, Runswick SA, Oakes S et al. Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26 (Suppl 1): S137–S151. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the data were derived from a birth cohort, all cohort members were of the same age and age was therefore not a confounding variable.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On a general note, given the multiple tests there was the potential for false positive findings; however, if corrected for multiple testing and thus reducing the false positive error rate, the false negative error rate would increase which could lead to missing possible important findings 29.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Stalenhoef AF, de Graaf J . Association of fasting and nonfasting serum triglycerides with cardiovascular disease and the role of remnant-like lipoproteins and small dense LDL. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19: 355–361. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that meal irregularity was not predominant for one meal specifically but that meal irregularity of energy intake at specific meals could have different metabolic consequences as most predominant associations were found for breakfast and between meals.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major strength of this study is the use of detailed dietary data in a substantial number of subjects”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“to our knowledge this is the first investigation of meal irregularity using such data in relation to cardio-metabolic risk factors.”
§ Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardio-metabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Regular over-consumption of energy could be a potential risk factor for overweight, obesity and other cardio-metabolic risk factors.
“Despite the possible beneficial effects of regular meal consumption, regular over-consumption of energy could be a potential risk factor for overweight, obesity and other cardio-metabolic risk factors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, sample sizes were generally small, interventions were relatively short-term and the definition of eating occasion varied from study to study.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“In addition, sample sizes were generally small, interventions were relatively short-term and the definition of eating occasion varied from study to study.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“In addition, sample sizes were generally small, interventions were relatively short-term and the definition of eating occasion varied from study to study.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Of the twenty-five studies included in their review, only ten were specifically focused on weight-loss.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“However, a review by Palmer et al. in 2009 specifically focusing on weight loss intervention studies concluded that the limited evidence available suggested that there is no association between eating frequency and weight or health in either weight loss or weight maintenance intervention studies (64) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, a possible inverse association between eating frequency and lipids in weight-maintenance studies was observed.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Previous cross-sectional studies have found associations between irregular eating and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors associated with cardiovascular risk and early death, in adulthood (3,8) .”
From Irregular eating of meals in adolescence and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from a 27-year prospective cohort (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Linear mixed models were used to examine changes in irregularity scores of energy intake with age; this method uses all available data over follow-up, takes into account the fact that repeated measures on the same individual are correlated, and it can handle missing outcomes under the assumption that data are missing at random (28) .”
From Irregularity of energy intake at meals: prospective associations with the metabolic syndrome in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting trend p-values for evening-meal irregularity and waist circumference
MinorThe abstract and Results give the same odds ratio and confidence interval for this association but report different trend p-values: 0.02 versus <0.01.
“evening meal (OR 1.36 (1.06; 1.75); p trend 0.02)”
“at evening meals (model 1: OR 1.36 (1.06; 1.75); p for trend <0.01)”
Citations
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961
No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons.
Rothman, K. J. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010 · Cited by 5,965
McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods
England, P. H. (2002) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849735551 · Cited by 2,209
STEPTOE, A., POLLARD, T. M., & WARDLE, J. (1995) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1995.0061 · Cited by 2,176
Dietary Assessment Methodology
Thompson, F. E., & Subar, A. F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802928-2.00001-1 · Cited by 978
Bingham, S. (1997) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.s137 · Cited by 634
Cohort Profile: The 1946 National Birth Cohort (MRC National Survey of Health and Development)
Wadsworth, M., Kuh, D., Richards, M., & Hardy, R. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi201 · Cited by 515
Self-citationObesity and shift work: chronobiological aspects
Antunes, L. C., Levandovski, R., Dantas, G., Caumo, W., & Hidalgo, M. P. (2010) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422410000016 · Cited by 493
McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods
Paul, A. A., & Southgate, D. A. T. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82989-5_19 · Cited by 391
Breakfast Frequency and Quality in the Etiology of Adult Obesity and Chronic Diseases
Timlin, M. T., & Pereira, M. A. (2007) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2007.jun.268-281 · Cited by 335
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bates B, Lennox AM, Prentice A, Bates C, Swan G . Headline Results from Years 1, 2 and 3 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009- 2010/11). National Diet and Nutrition Survey: London, UK, 2012.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Flanagan, A., Bechtold, D. A., Pot, G. K., & Johnston, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15246 · Cited by 254
Self-citationSleep and dietary habits in the urban environment: the role of chrono-nutrition
Pot, G. K. (2017) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665117003974 · Cited by 212
Self-citationParr, E. B., Devlin, B. L., Radford, B. E., & Hawley, J. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020505 · Cited by 169
Pot, G. K., Almoosawi, S., & Stephen, A. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665116000239 · Cited by 134
Self-citationAzmi, N. A. S. M., Juliana, N., Teng, N. I. M. F., Azmani, S., Das, S., & Effendy, N. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17062043 · Cited by 113
BaHammam, A. S., & Almeneessier, A. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00028 · Cited by 82
Alhussain, M. H., Macdonald, I. A., & Taylor, M. A. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.125401 · Cited by 80
Phoi, Y. Y., Rogers, M., Bonham, M. P., Dorrian, J., & Coates, A. M. (2021) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422421000123 · Cited by 67
Weight discrimination and unhealthy eating-related behaviors
Sutin, A., Robinson, E., Daly, M., & Terracciano, A. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.016 · Cited by 59
Wennberg, M., Gustafsson, P. E., Wennberg, P., & Hammarström, A. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015001445 · Cited by 53
Sleep and circadian rhythms: pillars of health—a Keystone Symposia report
Cable, J., Schernhammer, E. S., Hanlon, E. C., Vetter, C., Cedernaes, J., Makarem, N., Dashti, H. S., Shechter, A., Depner, C. M., Ingiosi, A. M., et al. (2021) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14661 · Cited by 51
Makarem, N., Sears, D. D., St‐Onge, M., Zuraikat, F. M., Gallo, L. C., Talavera, G. A., Castañeda, S. F., Lai, Y., & Aggarwal, B. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.022024 · Cited by 55
Personality, Chrono-nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health: A Narrative Review of the Evidence
Al-Abdi, T., Andreou, E. P., Papageorgiou, A., Heraclides, A., & Philippou, E. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa051 · Cited by 43
Persson, M., Winkvist, A., & Mogren, I. (2015) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0487-2 · Cited by 44
Pot, G. K., Hardy, R., & Stephen, A. M. (2016) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515004407 · Cited by 40
Self-citationNagata, C., Tamura, T., Wada, K., Konishi, K., Goto, Y., Nagao, Y., Ishihara, K., & Yamamoto, S. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1355313 · Cited by 39
Qorbani, M., Khashayar, P., Rastad, H., Ejtahed, H., Shahrestanaki, E., Seif, E., Daniali, S. S., Goudarzi, M., Motlagh, M. E., Khodaparast, Z., et al. (2020) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00617-0 · Cited by 39
Gibson, R., Eriksen, R., Lamb, K., McMeel, Y., Vergnaud, A., Spear, J., Aresu, M., Chan, Q. M., Elliott, P., & Frost, G. S. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012927 · Cited by 38
Zerón-Rugerio, M. F., Díez-Noguera, A., Izquierdo-Pulido, M., & Cambras, T. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa282 · Cited by 41
Vilela, S., Oliveira, A., Severo, M., & Lopes, C. M. M. (2019) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730419838908 · Cited by 32
Rest-activity rhythms in emerging adults: implications for cardiometabolic health
Hoopes, E. K., Witman, M. A., D’Agata, M. N., Berube, F. R., Brewer, B. C., Malone, S. K., Grandner, M. A., & Patterson, F. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1868490 · Cited by 29
True, true, unrelated? A review of recent evidence for a causal influence of breakfast on obesity
Dhurandhar, E. J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000281 · Cited by 29
Fiore, G., Scapaticci, S., Neri, C. R., Azaryah, H., Escudero-Marín, M., Pascuzzi, M. C., Mendola, A. L., Mameli, C., Chiarelli, F., Campoy, C., et al. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad122 · Cited by 27
Naturally-derived chronobiotics in chrononutrition
Dufoo‐Hurtado, E., Wall‐Medrano, A., & Campos-Vega, R. (2019) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.020 · Cited by 25
Energy and Nutrient Timing for Weight Control
McCrory, M. A., Shaw, A. C., & Lee, J. A. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.017 · Cited by 25
Impact of dietary intake, lifestyle and biochemical factors on metabolic health in obese adolescents
Aldhoon-Hainerová, I., Hainer, V., & Zamrazilová, H. (2017) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.05.002 · Cited by 24
Circadian nutrition and obesity: timing as a nutritional strategy
Alum, E. U. (2025) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-025-01102-y · Cited by 39
Phoi, Y. Y., Bonham, M. P., Rogers, M., Dorrian, J., & Coates, A. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13114087 · Cited by 26
Santos, H. O., & Tinsley, G. M. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3684 · Cited by 23
Appetite-related Gut Hormone Responses to Feeding Across the Life Course
Holliday, A., Horner, K. M., Johnson, K. O., Dagbasi, A., & Crabtree, D. R. (2025) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvae223 · Cited by 24
Garcez, M. R., de Castro, M. A., César, C. L. G., Goldbaum, M., & Fisberg, R. M. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1851704 · Cited by 23
Zheng, Y., Zhou, Z., Wu, T., Zhong, K., Hu, H., Zhang, H., Sun, R., & Liu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1118628 · Cited by 23
Cheng, W., Meng, X., Gao, J., Jiang, W., Sun, X., Li, Y., Han, T., Zhang, D., & Wei, W. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01556-5 · Cited by 22
Yu, J., Xia, J., Xu, D., Wang, Y., Yin, S., Lü, Y., Xia, H., Wang, S., & Sun, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1256899 · Cited by 21
Chrono-Nutrition and Diet Quality in Adolescents with Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Berendsen, M., Boss, M., Smits, M. G., & Pot, G. K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020539 · Cited by 25
Self-citationYeo, R., Yoon, S. R., & Kim, O. Y. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition Research · doi:10.7762/cnr.2017.6.3.172 · Cited by 20
Alhussain, M. H., Macdonald, I. A., & Taylor, M. A. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab323 · Cited by 19
Zhao, L., Teong, X. T., Liu, K., Liu, B., Melaku, Y. A., Vincent, A. D., Manoogian, E. N. C., Panda, S., Wittert, G., Hutchison, A. T., et al. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521002944 · Cited by 18
Schwedhelm, C., Lipsky, L. M., Temmen, C. D., & Nansel, T. R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061167 · Cited by 23
Influência do sono e da crononutrição na hipertensão e diabetes: um estudo de base populacional
Quadra, M. R., Santos, L. P., Schäfer, A. A., & Meller, F. D. O. (2022) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311xpt291021 · Cited by 19
Augmented gut hormone response to feeding in older adults exhibiting low appetite.
Dagbasi, A., Warner, J., Catterall, V., Smith, K., Crabtree, D. R., Carroll, B., Frost, G. S., & Holliday, A. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107415 · Cited by 15
Roßbach, S., Diederichs, T., Bolzenius, K., Herder, C., Buyken, A. E., & Alexy, U. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1286-x · Cited by 20
Is the binge-eating disorder a circadian disorder?
Plano, S. A., Soneira, S., Tortello, C., & Golombek, D. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.964491 · Cited by 14
Can Circadian Eating Pattern Adjustments Reduce Risk or Prevent Development of T2D?
Harris, C., & Czaja, K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071762 · Cited by 13
Holliday, A., Warner, J., Hulston, C. J., Corfe, B. M., & Crabtree, D. R. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107259 · Cited by 13
Li, X., Chen, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Shen, S., & Li, K. (2023) · Food Frontiers · doi:10.1002/fft2.243 · Cited by 13
Imam, A., Winnebeck, E. C., Buchholz, N., Froguel, P., Bonnefond, A., Solimena, M., Ivanova, A., Bouvier, M., Plouffe, B., Charpentier, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.564140 · Cited by 12
Vilela, S., Correia, D. M., Severo, M., Oliveira, A., Torres, D. P. M., & Lopes, C. M. M. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019000661 · Cited by 13
Song, X., Wang, H., Su, C., Wang, Z., Du, W., Huang, F., Zhang, J., Jia, X., Jiang, H., Ouyang, Y., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103488 · Cited by 11
Circadian clock and temporal meal pattern
Li, X., & Sun, Z. (2022) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2022-0021 · Cited by 10
Ali, M. A., Macdonald, I. A., & Taylor, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.13260 · Cited by 10
Chong, M. Y., Eussen, S. J. P. M., van Roekel, E. H., Pot, G. K., Koster, A., Breukink, S. O., Janssen-Heijnen, M. L. G., Keulen, E. T. P., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Weijenberg, M. P., et al. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523002714 · Cited by 9
Self-citationZimmerman, A., Johnson, L., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.024 · Cited by 10
Tanaka, R., Tsuji, M., Asakura, K., Senju, A., Shibata, E., Kusuhara, K., Morokuma, S., Sanefuji, M., & Kawamoto, T. (2018) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988318780847 · Cited by 10
Bitsanis, D., Giannakou, K., Hadjimbei, E., & Chrysostomou, S. (2022) · The Review of Diabetic Studies · doi:10.1900/rds.2022.18.10 · Cited by 12
Time-related meal patterns and breakfast quality in a sample of Iranian adults
Lesani, A., Barkhidarian, B., Jafarzadeh, M., Akbarzade, Z., Djafarian, K., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2023) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-022-00666-w · Cited by 12
Irregular daily energy intake and diet quality in Iranian adults
Jayedi, A., Lesani, A., Akbarzadeh, Z., Djafarian, K., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520004110 · Cited by 9
Saals, B. A. D. F., Boss, H. M., & Pot, G. K. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2054347 · Cited by 9
Self-citationRen, X., Zhang, M., Sun, X., Zheng, L., Bi, Y., Li, Q., Sun, L., Di, F., Xu, Y., Zhu, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06870-z · Cited by 8
Dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes—relationship to metabolic syndrome and inflammation
Bohn, T., Samouda, H., & Alkerwi, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822130-3.00014-4 · Cited by 7
Lesani, A., Karimi, M., Akbarzade, Z., Djafarian, K., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2024) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-024-00868-y · Cited by 7
Weekday–Weekend Differences in Chrononutritional Variables Depend on Urban or Rural Living
Santos, J. S., Crispim, C. A., Skene, D. J., & Moreno, C. R. D. C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010108 · Cited by 7
Phoi, Y. Y., Bonham, M. P., Rogers, M., Dorrian, J., & Coates, A. M. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2342937 · Cited by 9
Hunt, L. C., Dashti, H. S., Chan, Q. M., Gibson, R., & Vetter, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041170 · Cited by 6
Senesi, P., Ferrulli, A., Luzi, L., & Terruzzi, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.975509 · Cited by 6
Yoshizaki, T., Ishihara, J., Kotemori, A., Kokubo, Y., Saito, I., Yatsuya, H., Yamagishi, K., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., Iso, H., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20019-8 · Cited by 7
Kabasakal-Cetin, A., & Aydin, O. (2025) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2025.2466040 · Cited by 5
Hawkins, M., Levine, M. D., Ragavan, M. I., Buysse, D. J., Davis, E. M., Hamm, M., McTigue, K. M., Srinivasan, S., Wasilko, R., & Chang, J. C. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251384412 · Cited by 5
Warner, J., Stocker, R., Brandt, K., Crabtree, D. R., Ormond, L., Stevenson, E., & Holliday, A. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107509 · Cited by 5
Gamil, N. M. B., Agaty, S. M. E., Megahed, G. K., Mansour, R. S., & Abdel-Latif, M. S. (2021) · Egyptian Liver Journal · doi:10.1186/s43066-021-00128-1 · Cited by 5
Sato, N., Terasaki, H., Tahara, Y., Michie, M., Umezawa, A., & Shibata, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17223504 · Cited by 4
Jayedi, A., Neyestanak, M. S., Djafarian, K., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452300096x · Cited by 4
Alizadeh, M., Hosseiniazar, M. M., Alami, F., & Adabi, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-023-01375-2 · Cited by 4
Shen, Y., Li, Q., Xu, Y.-X., Huang, Y. C., Wan, Y., Su, P., Fang-biao, T., & Sun, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03557-x · Cited by 4
Eom, H., Lee, D., Cho, Y., & Moon, J. (2022) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2022.16.2.205 · Cited by 8
The Role of Chrononutrition in Global Wellness
Fatima, G. (2025) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2025.0016 · Cited by 4
Guess, N. D., Wijesuriya, M., Vasantharajah, L., Gulliford, M. C., Viberti, G. C., Gnudi, L., & Karalliedde, J. J. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516002476 · Cited by 5
The Effect of Personality on Chrononutrition during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Qatar
Al-Abdi, T., Heraclides, A., Papageorgiou, A., & Philippou, E. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132725 · Cited by 3
Yazdani, V., Zeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Jayedi, A., Majdi, M., Mirrafiei, A., Martami, F., Djafarian, K., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2023) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980023000502 · Cited by 3
Pye, C., Parr, E. B., Flint, S. A., & Devlin, B. L. (2024) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12671 · Cited by 3
NUTRITIONAL BEHAVIOR AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISK IN SHIFT WORK: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Todorova, M., Harizanova, S. N., & Bakova, D. R. (2024) · Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) · doi:10.5272/jimab.2024302.5522 · Cited by 3
Eberli, N., Colas, L., & Gimalac, A. (2024) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.joim.2024.02.002 · Cited by 2
Effect of chrono-nutrition–based dietary intervention on metabolic disease
Chen, Y. (2024) · Precision Nutrition · doi:10.1097/pn9.0000000000000076 · Cited by 4
Dietary Behaviors and the Living Environment Can Explain Residual Obesity Risk
Panagiotakos, D. B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17091413 · Cited by 2
Abnormal eating behaviors among female college students (18–23 years): a chrono-nutritional study
Mondal, L. K., Mondal, A., & Sahu, S. (2025) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2025.2498498 · Cited by 2
Circadian rhythm-related behaviors and obesity: a narrative review
Lee, G., Yun, C.-H., Song, S., & Lee, J. E. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2025.58.6.541 · Cited by 2
Papaconstantinou, E. A., Quick, V., Vogel, E., & Coffey, S. (2019) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904044 · Cited by 3
Chronotypes, Eating Habits, and Food Preferences
Muñoz, J. S. G., & Morante, J. J. H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816658-1.00021-1 · Cited by 1
Anthropometric and Dietary Indicators Applied in Population-based Surveys: a Systematic Review.Preprint
Cabral, N., Pequeno, N., Silva, D., Crispim, S., Marchioni, D., Lima, S., & Lyra, C. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-130914/v1 · Cited by 1
Sleep, dietary patterns and metabolic health in UK adults
Potter, G. D. (2018) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Garcez, M. R. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.6.2019.tde-06112019-151032
Moszczynski, P., & Tabarowski, Z. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812019-4.00032-5 · Cited by 2
Different approaches to define eating occasions and its associations with weight status
Vilela, S., & Lopes, C. M. M. (2019) · Acta Portuguesa de Nutrição · doi:10.21011/apn.2017.1808
Corrêa, P. N. R. M., Lemos, M. F., Lucchese, R., & Leão, G. C. S. (2023) · Peer Review · doi:10.53660/1033.prw2604
Yu, S.-C. (2025) · New medicine. · doi:10.61958/nmpl6479
Tao, H., Chen, S., Zeng, W., You, L., Xu, J., Saw, P. E., Li, Y., & Ren, M. (2025) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2025.10.016
Holliday, A., Barrett, M., & Cox, N. J. (2026) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665126102183
Lesani, A., Daneshzad, E., Calvo-Malvar, M., Clark, C. C. T., Zahedi, H., Vilela, S., & Mojani-Qomi, M. S. (2026) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-026-01280-3
Effects of chrononutrition on aging and lifespan
Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Xiang, P., Liu, G., Yu, A., Yuan, H., Jiang, L., & Shi, D. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119237
Yushkova, E. (2026) · Journal of Russian American Studies · doi:10.17161/jras.v10i1.25434
Metadata
- Authors
- Pot, G. K., Hardy, R., & Stephen, A. M.
- Affiliations
- MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (GB)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pot, G K
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1518-1524
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- PMC
- PMC4115153
- OpenAlex
- W2061589065
- Semantic Scholar
- 4bf31bb946779c78f5412f21dda32d320c7c123b
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 4.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (U1200632239)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- meal timing, cardiometabolic risk, metabolic syndrome, breakfast, waist circumference, dietary habits, National Survey of Health and Development
- MeSH terms
- Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Predictive Value of Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Health Behavior, Diet Records, Odds Ratio, Metabolic Syndrome, Waist Circumference, Meals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
