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Cited by 288Dietary Effects on HealthRegulation of Appetite and ObesityDiet and metabolism studies

Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women1–3

Open access
Farshchi, Hamid R, Taylor, Moira A, Macdonald, Ian A·2005·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.16
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Abstract

Background Although a regular meal pattern is recommended for obese people, its effects on energy metabolism have not been examined. Objective We investigated whether a regular meal frequency affects energy intake (EI), energy expenditure, or circulating insulin, glucose, and lipid concentrations in healthy obese women. Design Ten women [x +/- SD body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 37.1 +/- 4.8] participated in a randomized crossover trial. In phase 1 (14 d), the subjects consumed their normal diet on 6 occasions/d (regular meal pattern) or followed a variable meal frequency (3-9 meals/d, irregular meal pattern). In phase 2 (14 d), the subjects followed the alternative pattern. At the start and end of each phase, a test meal was fed, and blood glucose, lipid, and insulin concentrations were determined before and for 3 h after (glucose and insulin only) the test meal. Subjects recorded their food intake on 3 d during each phase. The thermogenic response to the test meal was ascertained by indirect calorimetry. Results Regular eating was associated with lower EI (P Conclusion Regular eating has beneficial effects on fasting lipid and postprandial insulin profiles and thermogenesis.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.16

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 47 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Previous studies showed that impaired thermogenesis is associated with insulin resistance in obesity.

    “Previous studies showed that impaired thermogenesis is associated with insulin resistance in obesity (49,50)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Ravussin, 1983, Thermic effect of infused glucose and insulin in man. Decreased response with increased insulin resistance in obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J Clin Invest source
    • cites [50] Ravussin, 1985, Evidence that insulin resistance is responsible for the decreased thermic effect of glucose in human obesity, J Clin Invest source
  • Premisecitation

    Results of studies evaluating the effect of meal frequency on energy intake were inconclusive.

    “The results of studies evaluating the effect of meal frequency on energy intake (EI) were inconclusive (2, 4, 8 -13).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [2] Edelstein, 1992, Increased meal frequency associated with decreased cholesterol concentrations: Rancho Bernardo, CA, 1984–1987, Am J Clin Nutr source
    • cites [4] Drummond, 1998, Evidence that eating frequency is inversely related to body weight status in male, but not female, non-obese adults reporting valid dietary intakes, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source
    • cites [8] Basdevant, 1993, Snacking patterns in obese French women, Appetite source
    • cites [9] Yates, 1998, Energy intake compensation during snacking intervention—a pilot study, Nutr Food Sci source
    • cites [10] Westerterp-Plantenga, 1994, Food intake in the daily environment after energy-reduced lunch, related to habitual meal frequency, Appetite source
    • cites [11] Westerterp-Plantenga, 2002, Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source
    • cites [12] Johnstone, 2000, Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men, Br J Nutr source
    • cites [13] Taylor, 2001, Compared with nibbling, neither gorging nor a morning fast affect short-term energy balance in obese patients in a chamber calorimeter, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source
  • Interpretationcitation

    The current finding of lower TEF and postprandial insulin insensitivity after the irregular meal pattern intervention is consistent with previous studies showing impaired thermogenesis is associated with insulin resistance in obesity.

    “which is consistent with the current finding of lower TEF and postprandial insulin insensitivity after the irregular meal pattern intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Ravussin, 1983, Thermic effect of infused glucose and insulin in man. Decreased response with increased insulin resistance in obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J Clin Invest source
    • cites [50] Ravussin, 1985, Evidence that insulin resistance is responsible for the decreased thermic effect of glucose in human obesity, J Clin Invest source
  • Premisecitation

    There appears to be no association between meal frequency and total energy expenditure.

    “There appears to be no association between meal frequency and total energy expenditure (EE; 14 -17)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [14] Dallosso, 1982, Feeding frequency and energy balance in adult males, Hum Nutr Clin Nutr

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Wolfram, 1987, Thermogenesis in humans after varying meal time frequency, Ann Nutr Metab source
    • cites [16] Verboeket-van de Venne, 1991, Influence of the feeding frequency on nutrient utilization in man: consequences for energy metabolism, Eur J Clin Nutr

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Verboeket-van de Venne, 1993, Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism, Br J Nutr source
  • Findingown data

    There was no significant effect of either meal pattern on the area under the curve of glucose profiles over the course of the study.

    “There was no significant difference in the AUC of glucose profiles above the baseline between the visits before the regular and irregular meal pattern interventions and no significant effect of either meal pattern on the AUC of glucose profiles over the course of the study (ANOVA).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 28
  • May combine two claims. 16

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The finding that energy intake was higher with 9 meals/d than with 3 meals/d is in agreement with one earlier study but not with other studies.

    “This is in agreement with the findings of one earlier study (8), but not with those of other studies (9 -12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [8] Basdevant, 1993, Snacking patterns in obese French women, Appetite source
    • cites [9] Yates, 1998, Energy intake compensation during snacking intervention—a pilot study, Nutr Food Sci source
    • cites [10] Westerterp-Plantenga, 1994, Food intake in the daily environment after energy-reduced lunch, related to habitual meal frequency, Appetite source
    • cites [11] Westerterp-Plantenga, 2002, Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source
    • cites [12] Johnstone, 2000, Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men, Br J Nutr source

      The Study design section compares three mandatory snacks with a no-snack condition, not nine meals per day with three. The Abstract and the section “Effect of snack v. no-snack schedule on feeding behaviour” report no significant difference in total daily energy intake between those conditions, contrary to the claimed agreement with higher intake at greater eating frequency. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several studies found that underreporting of energy intake, especially for snacks, was more common in obese persons.

    “Several studies (53)(54)(55) found that underreporting of EI, especially for snacks, was more common in obese persons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [53] Heitmann, 1995, Dietary underreporting by obese individuals—is it specific or non-specific?, BMJ source
    • cites [54] Heitmann, 2000, Do we eat less fat, or just report so?, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source
    • cites [55] Goris, 2000, Undereating and underrecording of habitual food intake in obese men: selective underreporting of fat intake, Am J Clin Nutr source

      The Introduction says that underreporting increases with body mass index. But the Discussion says this study found no selective omission of snacks among obese men; its example of underreported between-meal snacks concerns nonobese women. The source therefore supports the obesity-related underreporting claim, but not the implication that snacks were especially underreported by obese persons. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Another study found an independent effect of insulin resistance and obesity in producing a blunted thermic effect of food.

    “Another study (51) found an independent effect of insulin resistance and obesity in producing a blunted TEF.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Segal, 1992, Independent effects of obesity and insulin resistance on postprandial thermogenesis in men, J Clin Invest source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fasting values for appetite sensations and profiles after the test meal did not differ significantly over the course of the experiment.

    “Fasting values for all variables and the profiles after the test meal did not differ significantly over the course of the experiment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition of food between weekdays and weekends.

    “Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the macronutrient composition of the food between weekdays and weekends.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported food intake diaries and adherence reports accurately reflect actual energy intake and meal-pattern adherence.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Blood glucose concentrations rose significantly after the test meal at all visits.

    “Blood glucose concentrations rose significantly after the test meal at all visits (Figure 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Pre-experiment food diaries showed no significant difference in energy intake between weekdays and weekend days.

    “The preexperiment food diaries did not show any significant difference in EI between the average of the 2 weekdays (8.43 Ȁ 1.04 MJ/d) and the 1 weekend day (8.54Ȁ 1.02 MJ/d).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported food intake diaries and adherence reports accurately reflect actual energy intake and meal-pattern adherence.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition between the two meal patterns or between days within each meal pattern period.

    “There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition (ie, percentage of energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrate) between the 2 meal patterns or between the days within each meal pattern period (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported food intake diaries and adherence reports accurately reflect actual energy intake and meal-pattern adherence.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was no significant difference in energy intake between 9 and 6 meals/d or between 6 and 3 meals/d during the irregular meal pattern.

    “EI was significantly higher with 9 meals/d than with 3 meals/d (paired t test; P ҃ 0.012), but there was no significant difference between 9 and 6 meals/d or between 6 and 3 meals/d (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported food intake diaries and adherence reports accurately reflect actual energy intake and meal-pattern adherence.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were no significant changes in plasma uric acid over the course of the experiment.

    “There were no significant changes in plasma uric acid over the course of the experiment (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Plasma norepinephrine concentration rose significantly after the test meal at all visits.

    “Plasma norepinephrine concentration rose significantly after the test meal at all visits (Figure 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There was no significant difference in plasma epinephrine concentrations between the 2 preintervention visits.

    “there was no significant difference between the 2 preintervention visits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Epinephrine concentrations did not change significantly during the postprandial periods.

    “Epinephrine concentrations did not change significantly during the postprandial periods (data not shown).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Plasma epinephrine concentrations were 0.05-0.21 nmol/L at baseline.

    “Plasma epinephrine concentrations were 0.05-0.21nmol/L at baseline”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Peak plasma norepinephrine concentrations before each intervention were not significantly different (paired t test).

    “The peak plasma norepinephrine concentrations before each intervention were not significantly different (paired t test)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There was no significant difference in fasting plasma norepinephrine concentrations between the 2 preintervention visits (paired t test).

    “There was no significant difference in fasting plasma norepinephrine concentrations between the 2 preintervention visits (paired t test).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There was a trend for a higher plasma norepinephrine response after the regular meal pattern intervention.

    “although there was a trend for a higher response after the regular meal pattern intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and uric acid concentrations did not differ significantly between the regular and irregular meal pattern interventions.

    “Fasting plasma HDLcholesterol, triacylglycerol, and uric acid concentrations did not differ significantly between the regular and irregular meal pattern interventions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Differences in total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, insulin sensitivity, and TEF were not correlated with differences in energy intake.

    “The differences in total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (and in insulin sensitivity and TEF) were not correlated with the differences in EI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All subjects reported having adhered to the appropriate meal patterns during the two interventions.

    “All subjects reported having adhered to the appropriate meal patterns during the 2 interventions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported food intake diaries and adherence reports accurately reflect actual energy intake and meal-pattern adherence.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Regular eating has beneficial effects on fasting lipid and postprandial insulin profiles and thermogenesis.

    “Regular eating has beneficial effects on fasting lipid and postprandial insulin profiles and thermogenesis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    There may be some inaccuracy in extrapolating the energy intake record for 3 days to represent the entire 14-day intervention period.

    “There may also be some inaccuracy in extrapolating the EI record for 3 d to represent the entire 14-d intervention period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Each subject began the interventions at the same point in her menstrual cycle.

    “each subject began the interventions at the same point in her menstrual cycle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In healthy lean women, an irregular meal frequency led to a lower postprandial energy expenditure than regular eating, whereas mean energy intake did not differ significantly.

    “This irregular meal frequency led to a lower postprandial EE than was seen with regular eating, whereas mean EI did not differ significantly.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Farshchi, 2004, Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women, Int J Obes Relate Metab Disord source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Five subjects started with the regular meal pattern and five started with the irregular meal pattern.

    “Five of the subjects started with the regular meal pattern, and 5 started with the irregular one.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is some evidence of a link between sympathetic nervous system activation and TEF response to a meal in younger subjects but not in older subjects.

    “There is some evidence of a link between sympathetic nervous system activation and TEF response to a meal in younger subjects but not in older subjects (52).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Schwartz, 1990, The thermic effect of feeding in older men: the importance of the sympathetic nervous system, Metabolism source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study was a randomized crossover trial consisting of two phases spanning a total of 42 days.

    “The randomized crossover trial consisted of 2 phases spanning a total of 42 d.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Obese persons consuming self-selected diets may have found it more difficult to adjust to an irregular meal frequency and maintain their normal intake of foods.

    “That indicates that obese persons consuming self-selected diets may have found it more difficult to adjust to an irregular meal frequency and also maintain their normal intake of foods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In healthy lean subjects, an irregular meal frequency led to a higher degree of insulin resistance and higher fasting lipid profiles.

    “We also found a higher degree of insulin resistance and higher fasting lipid profiles in these lean subjects after a period of irregular meal frequency, which may indicate a deleterious effect on these CVD risk factors (35).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Farshchi, 2004, Regular meal frequency creates more appropriate insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles compared with irregular meal frequency in healthy lean women, Eur J Clin Nutr source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The effect of a particular meal pattern on postprandial insulin sensitivity may carry over to the fasting state.

    “The effect of a particular meal pattern on postprandial insulin sensitivity may carry over to the fasting state.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    An irregular meal pattern might affect energy expenditure and energy intake, which could lead to weight gain in the longer term.

    “This indicates a potential mechanism by which an irregular meal pattern might affect EE and EI, which could lead to weight gain in the longer term.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A study indicated an inverse relation between meal frequency and serum uric acid concentration.

    “A study (56) also indicated an inverse relation between meal frequency and serum uric acid concentration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Jenkins, 1995, Effect of nibbling versus gorging on cardiovascular risk factors: serum uric acid and blood lipids, Metabolism source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The lack of correlation may be due to a lack of statistical power.

    “This lack of correlation may be due to a lack of statistical power”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Previous studies showed that a greater meal frequency is associated with lower fasting total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.

    “Previous studies showed that a greater meal frequency is associated with lower fasting total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    This finding is consistent with findings of the authors' earlier study of lean women.

    “which is consistent with findings of our earlier study of lean women (35).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Farshchi, 2004, Regular meal frequency creates more appropriate insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles compared with irregular meal frequency in healthy lean women, Eur J Clin Nutr source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The irregular meal pattern had potentially deleterious effects on insulin sensitivity and plasma cholesterol, which are known risk factors of CVD.

    “In addition, the irregular meal pattern had potentially deleterious effects on insulin sensitivity and plasma cholesterol, which are known risk factors of CVD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    An irregular meal frequency may reduce insulin sensitivity and thus lead to a higher insulin response to a test meal, whereas a regular meal frequency may increase insulin sensitivity.

    “This finding leads us to propose that an irregular meal frequency may reduce insulin sensitivity and thus lead to a higher insulin response to a test meal, whereas a regular meal frequency may increase insulin sensitivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    An intervention study reported no association between meal frequency and energy intake.

    “An intervention study (13) also reported no association between meal frequency and EI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Taylor, 2001, Compared with nibbling, neither gorging nor a morning fast affect short-term energy balance in obese patients in a chamber calorimeter, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    In obese subjects, pre-existing insulin resistance may prevent exacerbation of this metabolic factor during a 2-week intervention as much as in nonobese subjects with greater initial fasting insulin sensitivity.

    “It is possible that, because the obese subjects are likely to already have some degree of insulin resistance, this metabolic factor may not be exacerbated in obese subjects during the 2-wk intervention as much as it would be in nonobese subjects with greater initial fasting insulin sensitivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The obese subjects likely already had some degree of insulin resistance.
39 of 39

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No studies have considered the effects of day-to-day variations in meal frequency on the components of energy balance.

    “However, no studies have considered the effects of day-to-day variations in meal frequency on the components of energy balance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No studies have investigated the effect of irregular meal frequency on lipid metabolism.

    “No studies have investigated the effect of irregular meal frequency on lipid metabolism.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is not known whether an irregular meal pattern has similar effects in obese subjects.

    “It is not known whether an irregular meal pattern has similar effects in obese subjects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported food intake diaries and adherence reports accurately reflect actual energy intake and meal-pattern adherence.

    “All subjects reported having adhered to the appropriate meal patterns during the 2 interventions.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The degree of underreporting of energy intake was similar in all phases of the study.

    “we assume that the degree of underreporting was similar in all phases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The obese subjects likely already had some degree of insulin resistance.

    “because the obese subjects are likely to already have some degree of insulin resistance”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In a 14-day study by Farshchi et al., an irregular meal pattern resulted in increased levels of appetite and hunger.

    “The irregular meal pattern was found to result in increased levels of appetite, and hunger”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [141]

    The Discussion reports no significant difference in appetite ratings after the test meal between the regular and irregular meal patterns. Figure 1 identifies hunger as one of those ratings and likewise reports no significant differences. Although energy intake was higher during irregular eating, the paper does not report increased appetite or hunger. (LLM, conf=0.91)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Controversy persists regarding the effects of increased feeding frequency.

    “but controversy persists (9 -12) .”

    From Increased meal frequency does not promote greater weight loss in subjects who were prescribed an 8-week equi-energetic energy-restricted diet (2010) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Clinical trials, both short-term and long-term, with or without caloric restriction, in various populations, have produced contradictory results regarding the association of meal frequency with body weight, postprandial glycemia, insulin resistance, and overall glycemic control.

    “Clinical trials, both short-term (14–28 days) [321,325,328,329,330,331,332] and long-term [323,324] with no caloric restriction in non-obese and obese women with PCO syndrome at an early or late stage IGT or overt early-stage T2DM, and long-term studies with caloric restriction in T2DM without [333] or with antidiabetic treatment [320,326], have produced contradictory results regarding the associ”

    From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [329]

  • Irregular meal frequency appears to produce a degree of insulin resistance.

    “Studies by Farshchi and colleagues have suggested that irregular meal frequency appears to produce a degree of insulin resistance (11,12).”

    From Eating Meals Irregularly: A Novel Environmental Risk Factor for the Metabolic Syndrome (2008) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Farshchi et al. showed that irregular meal consumption resulted in greater insulin resistance and higher fasting lipid profiles of total and LDL cholesterol in lean women, and these effects appeared more pronounced in obese women.

    “The studies of Farshshi et al showed that irregular meal consumption resulted in greater insulin resistance and higher fasting lipid profiles of total and LDL cholesterol in lean women7 and these effects appeared to be more pronounced in obese women8.”

    From Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort (2014) · cites this paper as [8]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Insulin AUC interaction has two reported P values

    Minor

    The results text reports P = 0.017 for the meal-pattern-by-visit interaction in insulin-response AUC, while the Figure 5 caption reports P = 0.002 for the interaction involving that same AUC. Both indicate significance, but the reported values conflict.

1 of 1

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Related

Authors
Farshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A.
Affiliations
University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author
Farshchi, Hamid R
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-01
Volume
81
Issue
1
Pages
16-24
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/ajcn/81.1.16
OpenAlex
W2101505804
Cited by
288
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 12
FWCI
5.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
Keywords
meal frequency, insulin sensitivity, fasting lipid profile, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, energy intake, energy expenditure, postprandial insulin response
MeSH terms
Adult, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Diet, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Insulin

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