De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state
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Superposition is one of the most distinctive features of quantum theory and has been demonstrated in numerous single-particle interference experiments. Quantum entanglement, the coherent superposition of states in multi-particle systems, yields more complex phenomena. One important type of multi-particle experiment uses path-entangled number states, which exhibit pure higher-order interference and the potential for applications in metrology and imaging; these include quantum interferometry and spectroscopy with phase sensitivity at the Heisenberg limit, or quantum lithography beyond the classical diffraction limit. It has been generally understood that in optical implementations of such schemes, lower-order interference effects always decrease the overall performance at higher particle numbers. Such experiments have therefore been limited to two photons. Here we overcome this limitation, demonstrating a four-photon interferometer based on linear optics. We observe interference fringes with a periodicity of one-quarter of the single-photon wavelength, confirming the presence of a four-particle mode-entangled state. We anticipate that this scheme should be extendable to arbitrary photon numbers, holding promise for realizable applications with entanglement-enhanced performance.
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The NOON state was experimentally realized for N=3 and N=4.
“It was experimentally realized for N = 3 (Mitchell, Lundeen, and Steinberg, 2004) and N = 4 (Walther et al., 2004) (see also other related experiments, Rarity et al., 1990b;Edamatsu et al., 2002;Sun et al., 2006;Nagata et al., 2007).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Walther et al., 2004
Only the N=4 attribution is at issue here; the N=3 experiment is cited to a different paper. Walther et al. demonstrate four-photon interference, but describe their nonlocal four-photon state as “similar to” a NOON state, not as a NOON state itself (p. 7). (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Lee, H., Kok, P. & Dowling, J. P. in Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing (eds Shapiro, J. H. & Hirota, O.) 223–229 (Rinton Press, Princeton, 2002)
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- Authors
- Walther, P., Pan, J.-W., Aspelmeyer, M., Ursin, R., Gasparoni, S., & Zeilinger, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Zeilinger, Anton
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 429
- Issue
- 6988
- Pages
- 158-161
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2092899947
- Semantic Scholar
- ea80019dc85701445960d76c6893f2b6a403c5dd
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 28.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- higher-order interference, mode entanglement, quantum metrology, quantum lithography, Heisenberg limit
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