An experimental test of non-local realism
Open accessAbstract
Most working scientists hold fast to the concept of 'realism'--a viewpoint according to which an external reality exists independent of observation. But quantum physics has shattered some of our cornerstone beliefs. According to Bell's theorem, any theory that is based on the joint assumption of realism and locality (meaning that local events cannot be affected by actions in space-like separated regions) is at variance with certain quantum predictions. Experiments with entangled pairs of particles have amply confirmed these quantum predictions, thus rendering local realistic theories untenable. Maintaining realism as a fundamental concept would therefore necessitate the introduction of 'spooky' actions that defy locality. Here we show by both theory and experiment that a broad and rather reasonable class of such non-local realistic theories is incompatible with experimentally observable quantum correlations. In the experiment, we measure previously untested correlations between two entangled photons, and show that these correlations violate an inequality proposed by Leggett for non-local realistic theories. Our result suggests that giving up the concept of locality is not sufficient to be consistent with quantum experiments, unless certain intuitive features of realism are abandoned.
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The observed S_NLHV = 3.8521 ± 0.0227 violates inequality (68) by 3.2 standard deviations.
“The observed S N LHV = 3.8521 ± 0.0227 violates inequality (68) by 3.2 standard deviations.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
The Gröblacher et al. experiment excluded a broad class of nonlocal hidden-variable theories.
“This way, Gröblacher et al. experiment excluded a broad class of nonlocal hidden-variable theories.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
The Leggett-type inequality was experimentally tested by Gröblacher et al. (2007) using a SPDC source with visibilities ∼99.0±1.2% (H/V), ∼99.2±1.6% (±45°), and ∼98.9±1.7% (R/L).
“The Leggett-type inequality valid for nonlocal realistic theories of the discussed type was experimentally tested by Gröblacher et al. (2007).In the experiment a SPDC source of high-fidelity two-photon entangled states was used, with visibilities ∼ 99.0 ± 1.2% in the H/V basis, ∼ 99.2 ± 1.6% in the ±45 • basis and ∼ 98.9 ± 1.7% in the R/L basis.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
The same experiment gave S_Bell = 2.178 ± 0.0199, violating the CHSH inequality by ∼9 standard deviations.
“At the same time measurements gave S Bell = 2.178 ± 0.0199, which violates the CHSH inequality by ∼9 standard deviations.”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Gröblacher et al. (2007)
The Leggett-type inequality (68) follows from identity (67) plus assumptions (L1)-(L3).
“This, plus the above assumptions, implies a Leggett-type inequality (for details of the derivation see Groblacher et al., 2007) of the following form:”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Groblacher et al., 2007
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Khrennikov, A. Y. (2008) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2008.08.021 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Experimental test of nonclassicality for a single particle
Brida, G., Degiovanni, I. P., Genovese, M., Schettini, V., Polyakov, S. V., & Migdall, A. L. (2008) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.16.011750 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Non-Local Realistic Theories and the Scope of the Bell Theorem
Laudisa, F. (2008) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1007/s10701-008-9255-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Faithful test of nonlocal realism with entangled coherent states
Lee, C.-W., Paternostro, M., & Jeong, H. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.83.022102 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Foundations of quantum mechanics?
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Non-local setting and outcome information for violation of Bell's inequality
Pawłowski, M., Kofler, J., Paterek, T., Seevinck, M., & Brukner, Č. (2010) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/8/083051 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationNonlocal correlations in the tree-tensor-network configuration
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NMR analog of Bell's inequalities violation test
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The Multi-fold Theory: A synopsisPreprint
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Quantum Gravity If Non-Locality Is Fundamental
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On joint distributions, counterfactual values and hidden variables in understanding contextuality
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Testing nonlocality over 12.4 km of underground fiber with universal time-bin qubit analyzers
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Synchronous Interlocking of Discrete Forces: Strong Force Reconceptualised in a NLHV Solution
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Causal evolution of wave packets
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- Authors
- Gröblacher, S., Paterek, T., Kaltenbaek, R., Brukner, Č., Żukowski, M., Aspelmeyer, M., & Zeilinger, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Gdańsk (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Aspelmeyer, Markus
- Zeilinger, Anton
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-04-19
- Volume
- 446
- Issue
- 7138
- Pages
- 871-875
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2082420839
- Cited by
- 419
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 23.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2007-09-13)
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- Bell's theorem, quantum correlations, entangled photons, locality, realism, quantum foundations, hidden variable theories, quantum nonlocality
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