The DOI matches its Crossref record; 127 of the 127 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PCA on present-day West Eurasian populations (Methods) (Extended Data Fig. 1) on which we projected the ancient individuals (Fig. 1b) replicates previous findings of a Europe-Near East contrast along the horizontal Principal Component 1 (PC1) and parallel clines (PC2) in both Europe and the Near East (Extended Data Fig. 1)7,8,13.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eastern Eurasians can be modelled as arrayed along a cline with different proportions of ANE ancestry (Supplementary Information, section 11; Extended Data Fig. 8), ranging from ~40% ANE in Native Americans matching previous findings13,15, to no less than ~5-10% ANE in diverse East Asian groups including Han Chinese (Extended Data Fig. 5; Extended Data Fig. 7f).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Scandinavian hunter-gatherers7,8,13 (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG;”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies of west Eurasia have revealed that the genetic diversity of present-day Europeans is primarily formed by three major ancestry components 210 , consisting first of early huntergatherers 194,265 who later admixed with farmers leaving Anatolia approximately 9,000 years ago, and who brought with them agricultural innovations such as domesticated crops and livestock and introduced the Neolithic”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [210]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We then further merged with 2,583 present-day people genotyped on the Affymetrix Human Origins array13,16 (238 new) (Supplementary Data Table 2; Supplementary Information, section 2).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We combined our data with previously published ancient data7,8,9,10,8,10-15 to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We genotyped 238 present-day individuals from 17 diverse West Eurasian populations on the Affymetrix Human Origins array16, and applied quality control analyses as previously described13 (Supplementary Data Table 2).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We merged the newly generated data with data from 2,345 individuals previously genotyped on the same array13.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previously, the West Eurasian population known to be the best proxy for this ancestry was present-day Sardinians32, who resemble Neolithic Europeans genetically13,33.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Analysis showed that at least three different ancient populations contributed to the genetics of present-day Europeans: (1) West European hunter-gatherers, (2) ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians, and (3) early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin [29].”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“A 7,000-y-old Early European farmer was found to be homozygous for the skinlightening SLC24A5 allele (25), suggesting that light skin was relatively prevalent by 7,000 y ago and could have originated much earlier.”
From Evidence for recent, population-specific evolution of the human mutation rate (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This suggests an unusually restricted ancestral population size for KO1 (we note that low heterozygosity was also found within a 8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg5), supporting the inference that he represents an exogenous individual in a farming settlement.”
From Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Both SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 exhibited an ancestral homozygous state in Mesolithic specimens of Central5 and Western Europe7, while SLC24A5 had the derived state in a Central European Neolithic individual5.”
From Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools
Li, H., Handsaker, B., Wysoker, A., Fennell, T., Ruan, J., Homer, N., Marth, G., Abecasis, G., Durbin, R., & 1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352 · Cited by 62,041
Self-citationFast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324 · Cited by 58,607
Self-citationTamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2011) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msr121 · Cited by 40,166
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089
The Genome Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data
McKenna, A., Hanna, M., Banks, E., Sivachenko, A., Cibulskis, K., Kernytsky, A., Garimella, K., Altshuler, D., Gabriel, S., Daly, M., et al. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.107524.110 · Cited by 27,895
The variant call format and VCFtools
Danecek, P., Auton, A., Abecasis, G. R., Albers, C. A., Banks, E., DePristo, M. A., Handsaker, R. E., Lunter, G. A., Marth, G., Sherry, S. T., et al. (2011) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr330 · Cited by 16,450
BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees
Drummond, A. J., & Rambaut, A. (2007) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-214 · Cited by 13,104
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1847 · Cited by 10,248
Self-citationFast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J., & Lange, K. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.094052.109 · Cited by 9,898
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Management Committee, Burton, P. R., Clayton, D. G., Cardon, L. R., Craddock, N., Deloukas, P., Duncanson, A., Kwiatkowski, D. P., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05911 · Cited by 9,442
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Delsate, D., Guinet, J.-M. & Saverwyns, S. De l’ocre sur le crâne mésolithique (haplogroupe U5a) de Reuland-Loschbour (Grand-Duché de Luxembourg)? Bull. Soc. Préhist. Luxembourgeoise 31, 7–30 (2009)
- Stäuble, H. Häuser und absolute Datierung der Ältesten Bandkeramik (Habelt, 2005)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,001
Direct Evidence of an Increasing Mutational Load in Humans
Aris‐Brosou, S. (2019) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msz192 · Cited by 13
West Asian sources of the Eurasian component in Ethiopians: a reassessment
Molinaro, L., Montinaro, F., Yelmen, B., Marnetto, D., Behar, D. M., Kivisild, T., & Pagani, L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55344-y · Cited by 14
Self-citationHungarian Neolithic landscapes, crops and diet – Signs of cultural decisions?
Kreuz, A., Pomázi, P., & Bánffy, E. (2020) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.06.008 · Cited by 15
Adachi, N., Kanzawa‐Kiriyama, H., Nara, T., Kakuda, T., Nishida, I., & Shinoda, K. (2021) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.2012132 · Cited by 13
Epigenomic Modifications in Modern and Ancient Genomes
Niiranen, L., Leciej, D., Edlund, H., Bernhardsson, C., Fraser, M., Sánchez‐Quinto, F., Herzig, K., Jakobsson, M., Walkowiak, J., & Thalmann, O. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13020178 · Cited by 17
Unveiling the Genetic History of the Maniq, a Primary Hunter-Gatherer Society
Göllner, T., Larena, M., Kutanan, W., Lukas, H., Fieder, M., & Schaschl, H. (2022) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evac021 · Cited by 15
At the beginnings of the funerary Megalithism in Iberia at Campo de Hockey necropolis
Vila, E. V., Bonilla, M. D., Morell, B., Olalde, Í., Muñoz, L. P. S.-B., Bella, S. D., Emslie, S. D., Martín, S. B., Salvador, Á. R., Fernández-Sánchez, D., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13014-6 · Cited by 15
Silva, N. M., Kreutzer, S., Souleles, A., Triantaphyllou, S., Kotsakis, K., Urem-Kotsou, D., Halstead, P., Efstratiou, N., Kotsos, S., Karamitrou-Mentessidi, G., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16745-8 · Cited by 14
Different waves and directions of Neolithic migrations in the Armenian Highland
Hovhannisyan, A., Khachatryan, Z., Haber, M., Hrechdakian, P., Karafet, T. M., Zalloua, P., & Yepiskoposyan, L. (2014) · Investigative Genetics · doi:10.1186/s13323-014-0015-6 · Cited by 14
Self-citationBudd, C. E., Karul, N., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Galik, A., Schulting, R., & Lillie, M. C. (2017) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-017-0523-4 · Cited by 15
de Lagrán, Í. G.-M., Fernández‐Domínguez, E., & Guerra, M. Á. R. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.012 · Cited by 14
Fischer, C.-É., Lefort, A., Pemonge, M., Couture, C., Rottier, S., & Deguilloux, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207459 · Cited by 15
A deep catalog of protein-coding variation in 985,830 individualsPreprint
Sun, K., Bai, X., Chen, S., Bao, S., Kapoor, M., Zhang, C., Backman, J., Joseph, T., Maxwell, E. K., Mitra, G., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539329 · Cited by 14
Chintalapati, M., Dannemann, M., & Prüfer, K. (2017) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1018-8 · Cited by 13
Self-citationHe, G., Chen, J., Duan, S., Yang, Q., Li, B., Luo, L., Zhong, J., Sun, Q., Bu, F., Tang, R., et al. (2025) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf225 · Cited by 13
Messina, F., Finocchio, A., Akar, N., Loutradis, A., Michalodimitrakis, E. I., Brdička, R., Jodice, C., & Novelletto, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167065 · Cited by 13
Resutik, P., Aeschbacher, S., Krützen, M., Kratzer, A., Haas, C., Phillips, C., & Arora, N. (2023) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102850 · Cited by 14
Morez, A., Britton, K., Noble, G., Günther, T., Götherström, A., Varela, R., Kashuba, N., Martiniano, R., Talamo, S., Evans, N., et al. (2023) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360 · Cited by 14
Gao, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, H., Lü, Y., Ma, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., & Xu, S. (2024) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-024-01838-9 · Cited by 13
Marques, A. G., Rubinacci, S., Malaspinas, A., Delaneau, O., & da Mota, B. S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56584-3 · Cited by 14
Origin and dispersal history of Hepatitis B virus in Eastern Eurasia
Sun, B., Valtueña, A. A., Kocher, A., Gao, S., Li, C., Fu, S., Zhang, F., Ma, P., Xuan, Y., Qiu, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47358-6 · Cited by 14
Self-citationDemic and cultural diffusion in prehistoric Europe in the age of ancient genomes
Harris, E. E. (2017) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21545 · Cited by 17
Elhaik, E., Yusuf, L. H., Anderson, A. I. J., Pirooznia, M., Arnellos, D., Vilshansky, G., Ercal, G., Lu, Y., Webster, T. A., Baird, M. L., et al. (2017) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evx237 · Cited by 13
Peltzer, A., Mittnik, A., Wang, C., Begg, T. J. A., Posth, C., Nieselt, K., & Krause, J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20180-z · Cited by 13
Self-citationDryomov, S., Nazhmidenova, A. M., Starikovskaya, E. B., Shalaurova, S. A., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Bernardos, R. L., Derevianko, A. P., Reich, D., & Sukernik, R. I. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244228 · Cited by 13
Self-citationHolmqvist, E. (2021) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/arcm.12727 · Cited by 15
Flegontov, P., Işıldak, U., Maier, R., Yüncü, E., Changmai, P., & Reich, D. (2023) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010931 · Cited by 14
Self-citationCarlhoff, S., Kutanan, W., Rohrlach, A. B., Posth, C., Stoneking, M., Nägele, K., Shoocongdej, R., & Krause, J. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44328-2 · Cited by 14
Self-citationRivollat, M., Réveillas, H., Mendisco, F., Pemonge, M., Justeau, P., Couture, C., Lefranc, P., Feliu, C., & Deguilloux, M. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23055 · Cited by 16
Genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity and artificial selection in Large White pigs in Russia
Bakoev, S., Getmantseva, L., Kostyunina, O., Bakoev, N., Prytkov, Y., Usatov, A. V., & Tatarinova, T. V. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11595 · Cited by 13
The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)
Nowak, M. (2019) · Documenta Praehistorica · doi:10.4312/dp.46-7 · Cited by 13
Genomic and dietary transitions during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in SicilyPreprint
van de Loosdrecht, M. S., Mannino, M. A., Talamo, S., Villalba‐Mouco, V., Posth, C., Aron, F., Brandt, G., Burri, M., Freund, C., Radzevičiūtė, R., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.986158 · Cited by 15
Self-citationParallel ancient genomic transects reveal complex population history of early European farmersPreprint
Lipson, M., Szécsényi‐Nagy, A., Mallick, S., Pósa, A., Stégmár, B., Keerl, V., Rohland, N., Stewardson, K., Ferry, M., Michel, M., et al. (2017) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 13
Self-citationLocal Ancestry Inference for Complex Population HistoriesPreprint
Pearson, A., & Durbin, R. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.529121 · Cited by 13
Pandey, D., Harris, M., Garud, N. R., & Narasimhan, V. M. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53852-8 · Cited by 13
Ancient DNA from Shimao city records kinship practices in Neolithic China
Chen, Z., Gardner, J. D., Sun, Z., Bennett, E. A., Han, Q., Pei, X., Shao, J., Shi, H., Wang, W., Xue, J., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09799-x · Cited by 12
Self-citationInference of Population Structure from Ancient DNA
Joseph, T., & Pe’er, I. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89929-9_6 · Cited by 11
Decoding a highly mixed Kazakh genome
Seidualy, M., Blažytė, A., Jeon, S., Bhak, Y., Jeon, Y., Kim, J., Eriksson, A., Bolser, D. M., Yoon, C., Manica, A., et al. (2020) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02132-8 · Cited by 12
Jackson, A., Lin, S., Jones, E. A., Chandler, K., Orr, D., Moss, C., Haider, Z., Ryan, G., Holden, S. T., Harrison, M., et al. (2023) · Human Genetics and Genomics Advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100186 · Cited by 12
Liu, D., Ko, A. M., & Stoneking, M. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad122 · Cited by 12
The genetics of autism spectrum disorder in an East African familial cohort
Tuncay, İ. O., DeVries, D., Gogate, A., Kaur, K. J., Kumar, A., Xing, C., Goodspeed, K., Seyoum-Tesfa, L., & Chahrour, M. H. (2023) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100322 · Cited by 13
Pankratov, V., Mezzavilla, M., Aneli, S., Kuznetsov, I. A., Fusco, D., Wilson, J. F., Metspalu, M., Provero, P., Pagani, L., & Marnetto, D. (2024) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-024-01678-9 · Cited by 10
Self-citationHomozygosity for a stop-gain variant in CCDC201 causes primary ovarian insufficiency
Oddsson, Á., Steinthórsdóttir, V., Oskarsson, G. R., Styrkársdóttir, U., Moore, K. H. S., Isberg, S., Halldorsson, G. H., Sveinbjörnsson, G., Westergaard, D., Nielsen, H. S., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01885-6 · Cited by 12
Ancient genomes reveal trans-Eurasian connections between the European Huns and the Xiongnu Empire
Gnecchi‐Ruscone, G. A., Rácz, Z., Liccardo, S., Lee, J., Huang, Y., Traverso, L., Radzevičiūtė, R., Hajnal, Z., Szécsényi‐Nagy, A., Gyuris, B., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2418485122 · Cited by 14
Self-citationMapping the genomic mosaic of two ‘Afro-Bolivians’ from the isolated Yungas valleys
Pardo‐Seco, J., Heinz, T., Taboada-Echalar, P., Martinón‐Torres, F., & Salas, A. (2016) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2520-x · Cited by 12
Self-citationAncient Migrations: Biodistance, Genetics, and the Persistence of Typological Thinking
Stojanowski, C. M. (2018) · Bioarchaeology and social theory · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93012-1_8 · Cited by 12
Isshiki, M., Naka, I., Watanabe, Y., Nishida, N., Kimura, R., Furusawa, T., Natsuhara, K., Yamauchi, T., Nakazawa, M., Ishida, T., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62866-3 · Cited by 12
Reinscheid, R. K., Mafessoni, F., Lüttjohann, A., Jüngling, K., Pape, H., & Schulz, S. (2021) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170506 · Cited by 13
Kumar, V., Bennett, E. A., Zhao, D., Liang, Y., Tang, Y., Ren, M., Dai, Q., Feng, X., Cao, P., Yang, R., et al. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msab216 · Cited by 14
Self-citationMicro-coevolution of host genetics with gut microbiome in three Chinese ethnic groups
Cheng, M., Ge, X., Zhong, C., Fu, R., Ning, K., & Xu, S. (2021) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2021.09.002 · Cited by 12
Bioarchaeological evidence of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant
Srigyan, M., Bolívar, H., Ureña, I., Santana, J., Petersen, A. D., Iriarte, E., Kırdök, E., Bergfeldt, N., Mora, A., Jakobsson, M., et al. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03508-4 · Cited by 17
Vaill, M., Kawanishi, K., Varki, N. M., Gagneux, P., & Varki, A. P. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00040.2021 · Cited by 13
Xu, C. A., Marnetto, D., Casey, F., & Huerta‐Sánchez, E. (2017) · Human Biology · doi:10.13110/humanbiology.89.1.05 · Cited by 13
Mapping co-ancestry connections between the genome of a Medieval individual and modern Europeans
Ferrando-Bernal, M., Morcillo-Suárez, C., de-Dios, T., Gelabert, P., Civit, S., Díaz-Carvajal, A., Ollich-Castanyer, I., Allentoft, M. E., Valverde, S., & Lalueza‐Fox, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64007-2 · Cited by 13
Ferreira, J. C., Alshamali, F., Montinaro, F., Cavadas, B., Torroni, A., Pereira, L., Raveane, A., & Fernandes, V. (2021) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evab194 · Cited by 12
Galinsky, K. J., Bhatia, G., Loh, P., Georgiev, S., Mukherjee, S., Patterson, N. J., & Price, A. L. (2015) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/018143 · Cited by 13
Self-citationThe genetic structure of the world’s first farmersPreprint
Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G. O., Merrett, D. C., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., Gamarra, B., Sirak, K. A., et al. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/059311 · Cited by 12
Self-citationThree Reagents for in-Solution Enrichment of Ancient Human DNA at More than a Million SNPsPreprint
Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Mah, M., Maier, R., Patterson, N. J., & Reich, D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476259 · Cited by 13
Self-citationGerber, D., Szeifert, B., Székely, O., Egyed, B., Gyuris, B., Giblin, J. I., Horváth, A., Köhler, K., Kulcsár, G., Kustár, Á., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.478968 · Cited by 15
Vyas, D. N., & Mulligan, C. J. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23818 · Cited by 11
Silva, N. M., Rio, J., Kreutzer, S., Papageorgopoulou, C., & Currat, M. (2018) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.12655 · Cited by 11
Life history and ancestry of the late Upper Palaeolithic infant from Grotta delle Mura, Italy
Higgins, O. A., Modi, A., Cannariato, C., Diroma, M. A., Lugli, F., Ricci, S., Zaro, V., Vai, S., Vazzana, A., Romandini, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51150-x · Cited by 15
Self-citationOut-of-Anatolia: Cultural and genetic interactions during the Neolithic expansion in the Aegean
Koptekin, D., Aydoğan, A., Karamurat, C., Altınışık, N. E., Vural, K. B., Kazancı, D. D., Doğu, A. K., Kaptan, D., Gemici, H. C., Yüncü, E., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adr3326 · Cited by 14
Pair Matcher (PaM): fast model-based optimization of treatment/case-control matches
Elhaik, E., & Ryan, D. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty946 · Cited by 11
de-Dios, T., Carrión, P., Olalde, Í., Nadal, L. L., Lizano, E., Pàmies, D., Marquès‐Bonet, T., Balloux, F., van Dorp, L., & Lalueza‐Fox, C. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103021 · Cited by 13
Atlas of Cryptic Genetic Relatedness Among 1000 Human Genomes
Fedorova, L. V., Qiu, S., Dutta, R. K., & Fedorov, A. (2016) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evw034 · Cited by 11
Human Commercial Models’ Eye Colour Shows Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection
Forti, I. R. N., & Young, R. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168458 · Cited by 12
Lu, J., Zhang, H., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., Liu, Y., Li, Y., He, G., Guo, J., Zhao, J., Hu, R., et al. (2020) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2020.1782470 · Cited by 11
Archaeogenetics and Landscape Dynamics in Sicily during the Holocene: A Review
Romano, V., Catalano, G., Bazan, G., Calı̀, F., & Sìneo, L. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13179469 · Cited by 11
Self-citationPopulation Genomic Analyses of DNA from Ancient Remains
Günther, T. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119487845.ch10 · Cited by 12
He, G., Yao, H., Sun, Q., Duan, S., Tang, R., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Li, X., Wang, S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530053 · Cited by 10
Genomic history of early dogs in Europe
Bergström, A., Furtwängler, A., Johnston, S., Rosengren, E., Breidenstein, A., Booth, T. J., McCabe, J., Peto, J., Williams, M., Kelly, M., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10112-7 · Cited by 10
Self-citationLien, A., Legori, L. P., Kraft, L., Sackett, P. W., & Renaud, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioinformatics · doi:10.3389/fbinf.2023.1260486 · Cited by 10
Self-citationPathak, A. K., Simonian, H., Ibrahim, I. A. A., Hrechdakian, P., Behar, D. M., Ayub, Q., Arsanov, P., Metspalu, E., Yepiskoposyan, L., Rootsi, S., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110016 · Cited by 10
Self-citationAlves, I., Giemza, J., Blum, M. G. B., Bernhardsson, C., Chatel, S., Karakachoff, M., Pierre, A. S., Herzig, A. F., Olaso, R., Monteil, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51087-1 · Cited by 17
Ancient human DNA: How sequencing the genome of a boy from Ballito Bay changed human history
Lombard, M., Jakobsson, M., & Schlebusch, C. M. (2018) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2018/a0253 · Cited by 10
Populations, Traits, and Their Spatial Structure in Humans
Sohail, M., Izarraras-Gomez, A., & Vecchyo, D. O. (2021) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evab272 · Cited by 10
Ancient genomes illuminate Eastern Arabian population history and adaptation against malaria
Martiniano, R., Haber, M., Almarri, M. A., Mattiangeli, V., Kuijpers, M. C. M., Chamel, B., Breslin, E. M., Littleton, J., Almahari, S., Aloraifi, F., et al. (2024) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100507 · Cited by 12
Sequence diversity of the Rh blood group system in Basques
Flores-Bello, A., Mas-Ponte, D., Rosu, M. E., Bosch, E., Calafell, F., & Comas, D. (2018) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-018-0232-1 · Cited by 10
Self-citationNorström, E., Gustavsson, R., Molin, F., & Gummesson, S. (2019) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.031 · Cited by 11
Lamichhane, B., Wise, M. J., Chua, E. G., Marshall, B. J., & Tay, C. Y. (2019) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.12864 · Cited by 10
Stutz, A. J. (2020) · Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthroplogy series/Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46126-3_9 · Cited by 12
Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India
Kumar, L., Farias, K., Prakash, S., Mishra, A., Mustak, M. S., Rai, N., & Kumarasamy Thangaraj, K. (2021) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 · Cited by 9
Hanghøj, K., & Orlando, L. (2018) · Population genomics · doi:10.1007/13836_2018_18 · Cited by 10
Nakagome, S., Hudson, R. R., & Rienzo, A. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2541 · Cited by 10
A three-population wave-of-advance model for the European early Neolithic
Aoki, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233184 · Cited by 11
The maternal genetic make-up of the Iberian Peninsula between the Neolithic and the Early Bronze AgePreprint
Szécsényi‐Nagy, A., Roth, C. T., Brandt, G., Herrada, C. R., Rodríguez, C. T., Held, P., de Lagrán, Í. G.-M., Magallón, H. A., Zesch, S., Knipper, C., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/106963 · Cited by 10
Self-citationThe Arrival of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the Islands of the Western MediterraneanPreprint
Fernandes, D., Mittnik, A., Olalde, Í., Lazaridis, I., Cheronet, O., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Bernardos, R. L., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Carlsson, J., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/584714 · Cited by 10
Self-citationEvaluation of population structure inferred by principal component analysis or the admixture model
van Waaij, J., Li, S., Garcia‐Erill, G., Albrechtsen, A., & Wiuf, C. (2023) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyad157 · Cited by 9
Predicting Functional Consequences of Recent Natural Selection in Britain
Poyraz, L., Colbran, L. L., & Mathieson, I. (2024) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msae053 · Cited by 9
Population Genomic Scans for Natural Selection and Demography
Cheng, X., & Steinrücken, M. (2024) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102651 · Cited by 10
9,000 years of genetic continuity in southernmost Africa demonstrated at Oakhurst rockshelter
Gretzinger, J., Gibbon, V. E., Penske, S., Sealy, J. C., Rohrlach, A. B., Salazar‐García, D. C., Krause, J., & Schiffels, S. (2024) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02532-3 · Cited by 10
Self-citationAncestral origins and post-admixture adaptive evolution of highland Tajiks
Wen, J., Liu, J., Feng, Q., Lü, Y., Yuan, K., Zhang, X., Zhang, C., Gao, Y., Wang, X., Mamatyusupu, D., et al. (2024) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwae284 · Cited by 9
Population history and admixture of the Fulani people from the Sahel
Fortes‐Lima, C., Diallo, M. Y., Janoušek, V., Černý, V., & Schlebusch, C. M. (2025) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.12.015 · Cited by 11
Lasting Lower Rhine–Meuse forager ancestry shaped Bell Beaker expansion
Olalde, Í., Altena, E., Bourgeois, Q. P. J., Fokkens, H., Amkreutz, L. W. S. W., Baetsen, S., Deguilloux, M., Fichera, A., Flas, D., Gandini, F., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10111-8 · Cited by 17
Self-citationHaplogroups and the history of human evolution through mtDNA
Torroni, A., Achilli, A., Olivieri, A., & Semino, O. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819656-4.00005-x · Cited by 9
Are vipers prototypic fear-evoking snakes? A cross-cultural comparison of Somalis and Czechs
Frynta, D., Elmi, H. S. A., Janovcová, M., Rudolfová, V., Štolhoferová, I., Rexová, K., Král, D., Sommer, D., Berti, D. A., Landová, E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1233667 · Cited by 12
Ravasini, F., Kabral, H., Solnik, A., de Gennaro, L., Montinaro, F., Hui, R., Delpino, C., Finocchi, S., Giroldini, P., Mei, O., et al. (2024) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-024-03430-4 · Cited by 12
Self-citationEstimating effective population size trajectories from time-series identity-by-descent segments
Huang, Y., Carmi, S., & Ringbauer, H. (2025) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyae212 · Cited by 9
Mao, J., Ma, Y., & Zhou, R. (2017) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2017097 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Mittnik, A., Renaud, G., Mallick, S., Kirsanow, K., Sudmant, P. H., Schraiber, J. G., Castellano, S., Lipson, M., Berger, B., Economou, C., Bollongino, R., Fu, Q., Bos, K. I., Nordenfelt, S., Li, H., de Filippo, C., Prüfer, K., Sawyer, S., Posth, C., Haak, W., Hallgren, F., Fornander, E., Rohland, N., Delsate, D., Francken, M., Guinet, J.-M., Wahl, J., Ayodo, G., Babiker, H. A., Bailliet, G., Balanovska, E., Balanovsky, O., Barrantes, R., Bedoya, G., Ben-Ami, H., Bene, J., Berrada, F., Bravi, C. M., Brisighelli, F., Busby, G. B. J., Cali, F., Churnosov, M., Cole, D. E. C., Corach, D., Damba, L., van Driem, G., Dryomov, S., Dugoujon, J.-M., Fedorova, S. A., Gallego Romero, I., Gubina, M., Hammer, M., Henn, B. M., Hervig, T., Hodoglugil, U., Jha, A. R., Karachanak-Yankova, S., Khusainova, R., Khusnutdinova, E., Kittles, R., Kivisild, T., Klitz, W., Kučinskas, V., Kushniarevich, A., Laredj, L., Litvinov, S., Loukidis, T., Mahley, R. W., Melegh, B., Metspalu, E., Molina, J., Mountain, J., Näkkäläjärvi, K., Nesheva, D., Nyambo, T., Osipova, L., Parik, J., Platonov, F., Posukh, O., Romano, V., Rothhammer, F., Rudan, I., Ruizbakiev, R., Sahakyan, H., Sajantila, A., Salas, A., Starikovskaya, E. B., Tarekegn, A., Toncheva, D., Turdikulova, S., Uktveryte, I., Utevska, O., Vasquez, R., Villena, M., Voevoda, M., Winkler, C. A., Yepiskoposyan, L., Zalloua, P., Zemunik, T., Cooper, A., Capelli, C., Thomas, M. G., Ruiz-Linares, A., Tishkoff, S. A., Singh, L., Thangaraj, K., Villems, R., Comas, D., Sukernik, R., Metspalu, M., Meyer, M., Eichler, E. E., Burger, J., Slatkin, M., Pääbo, S., Kelso, J., Reich, D., & Krause, J.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University of Washington (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Harvard University (US)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Musée national d'histoire naturelle Luxembourg (LU)
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (DE)
- Sultan Qaboos University (OM)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RU)
- Universidad de Costa Rica (CR)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- University of Pecs (HU)
- Al Akhawayn University (MA)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Belgorod National Research University (RU)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Medical University of Sofia (BG)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Vilnius University (LT)
- Estonian Biocentre (EE)
- Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (FR)
- University College London (GB)
- Gladstone Institutes (US)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- 23andMe (United States) (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (TZ)
- University of Palermo (IT)
- University of Tarapacá (CL)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan (UZ)
- Institute of Molecular Biology (AM)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (UA)
- Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (BO)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Split (HR)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Estonian Academy of Sciences (EE)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- Krause, Johannes
- ORCID
- Lazaridis, Iosif
- Patterson, Nick
- Mittnik, Alissa
- Renaud, Gabriel
- Mallick, Swapan
- Sudmant, Peter H.
- Schraiber, Joshua G.
- Castellano, Sergi
- Lipson, Mark
- Berger, Bonnie
- Fu, Qiaomei
- Bos, Kirsten I.
- Li, Heng
- Prüfer, Kay
- Sawyer, Susanna
- Posth, Cosimo
- Haak, Wolfgang
- Hallgren, Fredrik
- Fornander, Elin
- Rohland, Nadin
- Delsate, Dominique
- Francken, Michael
- Wahl, Joachim
- Ayodo, George
- Babiker, Hamza A.
- Bailliet, Graciela
- Balanovska, Elena
- Bedoya, Gabriel
- Bene, Judit
- Brisighelli, Francesca
- Busby, George B. J.
- Churnosov, Mikhail
- Corach, Daniel
- Damba, Larissa
- Dugoujon, Jean-Michel
- Gubina, Marina
- Hammer, Michael
- Henn, Brenna M.
- Hervig, Tor
- Jha, Aashish R.
- Karachanak-Yankova, Sena
- Khusainova, Rita
- Kittles, Rick
- Kivisild, Toomas
- Kučinskas, Vaidutis
- Kushniarevich, Alena
- Litvinov, Sergey
- Mahley, Robert W.
- Melegh, Béla
- Metspalu, Ene
- Mountain, Joanna
- Näkkäläjärvi, Klemetti
- Nesheva, Desislava
- Nyambo, Thomas
- Osipova, Ludmila
- Posukh, Olga
- Romano, Valentino
- Rothhammer, Francisco
- Rudan, Igor
- Sahakyan, Hovhannes
- Sajantila, Antti
- Salas, Antonio
- Starikovskaya, Elena B.
- Toncheva, Draga
- Turdikulova, Shahlo
- Utevska, Olga
- Voevoda, Mikhail
- Winkler, Cheryl A.
- Yepiskoposyan, Levon
- Zalloua, Pierre
- Zemunik, Tatijana
- Cooper, Alan
- Capelli, Cristian
- Thomas, Mark G.
- Tishkoff, Sarah A.
- Singh, Lalji
- Villems, Richard
- Comas, David
- Sukernik, Rem
- Metspalu, Mait
- Meyer, Matthias
- Eichler, Evan E.
- Slatkin, Montgomery
- Pääbo, Svante
- Kelso, Janet
- Reich, David
- Krause, Johannes
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 513
- Issue
- 7518
- Pages
- 409-413
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4170574
- OpenAlex
- W2050967443
- Cited by
- 1,357
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 126 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 22
- FWCI
- 76.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Open Access Repository (Belgorod State National Research University) (submittedVersion)
- El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- PMC
- The University of Adelaide (cc-by)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0827436, 1053575, 1032255)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Wellcome Trust (100719/Z/12/Z)
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KR 4015/1-1)
- Eesti Teadusfondi
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research (13-06-00670)
- Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (73430, 103983)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Tartu Ülikool
- National Institutes of Health (OCI-1053575, HHSN26120080001E)
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN 26120080001E)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- National Human Genome Research Institute (HG002385, P01HG004120, R01HG006399, HG004120, R01HG002385)
- National Cancer Institute (HHSN26120080001E)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-40282, R01GM040282, GM100233, R01GM100233)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (DP1ES022577)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (8 DP1 ES022577-04)
- European Social Fund (VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-013, 62,63)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Keywords
- ancient human genomes, European ancestry, hunter-gatherers, genetic differentiation, transition to agriculture
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Agriculture, Asia, Europe, Humans, Population Dynamics, Genome, Human, Principal Component Analysis, White People, History, Ancient
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
