The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota
Abstract
Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are among the most widely used food additives worldwide, regularly consumed by lean and obese individuals alike. NAS consumption is considered safe and beneficial owing to their low caloric content, yet supporting scientific data remain sparse and controversial. Here we demonstrate that consumption of commonly used NAS formulations drives the development of glucose intolerance through induction of compositional and functional alterations to the intestinal microbiota. These NAS-mediated deleterious metabolic effects are abrogated by antibiotic treatment, and are fully transferrable to germ-free mice upon faecal transplantation of microbiota configurations from NAS-consuming mice, or of microbiota anaerobically incubated in the presence of NAS. We identify NAS-altered microbial metabolic pathways that are linked to host susceptibility to metabolic disease, and demonstrate similar NAS-induced dysbiosis and glucose intolerance in healthy human subjects. Collectively, our results link NAS consumption, dysbiosis and metabolic abnormalities, thereby calling for a reassessment of massive NAS usage.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“NNS consumption induced glucose intolerance in a microbiota-dependent manner (56).”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Emulsifiers and artificial sweeteners have been shown to be involved in the development of metabolic syndrome features through their modulation of the microbiota in mice46,47.”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“In a study in seven people, artificial sweeteners given at high doses resulted in insulin resistance after only 7 days47”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Chronic NAS consumption in mice was shown to impact gut microbial community structure133, resulting in an increase in abundance of bacteria belonging to the Bacteroides genus and some members of the Clostridiales order.”
From The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [133]
In the citing paper
“germ-free mice colonized with gut microorganisms from NAS-treated mice or stool microorganisms exposed to NAS ex vivo develop glucose intolerance.”
From The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [133]
In the citing paper
“Consumption of artificial sweeteners in mice and humans has been shown to lead to deregulation of the intestinal microbiota, with altered glycan degradation capacity promoting decreased glucose tolerance, a pre-diabetic condition [58].”
From Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Intestinal Microbiota and Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Other dietary compounds known to alter the composition of the gut microbiome include noncaloric artificial sweeteners such as saccharin, sucralose, and aspartame (Suez et al., 2015), a feature with functional implications associated with the induction of glucose intolerance in mice (Suez et al., 2014).”
From Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions (2019) · cites this paper as Suez et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Although earlier human studies indicated detrimental effects on microbial diversity and composition (99, 100) and a more recent study linked consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners to a “dysbiosis” [an increasingly redundant term in microbiome research (171)] and a decrease in butyrate concentration (172), some reports have concluded that no clear effects of sweeteners on the microbiota can be”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [100]
Citations
Cites
QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data
Caporaso, J. G., Kuczynski, J., Stombaugh, J., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., Costello, E. K., Fierer, N., Peña, A. G., Goodrich, J. K., Gordon, J. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.303 · Cited by 34,887
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444
A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing
MetaHIT Consortium, Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08821 · Cited by 11,624
Greengenes, a Chimera-Checked 16S rRNA Gene Database and Workbench Compatible with ARB
DeSantis, T. Z., Hugenholtz, P., Larsen, N., Rojas, M., Brodie, E. L., Keller, K., Huber, T., Dalevi, D., Hu, P., & Andersen, G. L. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.03006-05 · Cited by 10,891
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100
Human gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785
A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
Qin, J., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Li, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., Liang, S., Zhang, W., Guan, Y., Shen, D., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11450 · Cited by 6,762
Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Tuohy, K. M., Chabo, C., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1491 · Cited by 6,638
Cani, P. D., Bibiloni, R., Knauf, C., Waget, A., Neyrinck, A. M., Delzenne, N. M., & Burcelin, R. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1403 · Cited by 4,819
The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view
Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., Parfrey, L. W., & Knight, R. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035 · Cited by 3,710
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,000
Farewell to Animal Testing: Innovations on Human Intestinal Microphysiological Systems
Kang, T., & Kim, H. (2016) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi7070107 · Cited by 40
“hile the use of S is r c ized as safe e eficial ue to t eir l c l ric c tents, recent studies suggest that the use of S ay ot e f ly appreciated because it can cause dysbiosis of gut micr biota or metabolic abnormality [94].”
BackgroundWu, J.-T., Sun, C.-L., Lai, T.-T., Liou, C.-W., Lin, Y.-Y., Xue, J.-Y., Wang, H.-W., Chai, L. M. X., Lee, Y.-J., Chen, S., et al. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109140 · Cited by 42
Ultra-processed foods as a possible culprit for the rising prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases
Vissers, E., Wellens, J., & Sabino, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1058373 · Cited by 50
Schiffman, S. S., Scholl, E. H., Furey, T. S., & Nagle, H. T. (2023) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B · doi:10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903 · Cited by 46
“Subsequent studies also demonstrated alterations in gut bacteria from sucralose exposure (Bian et al. 2017; MéndezGarcía et al. 2022; Suez et al. 2014, 2022; Zhang et al. 2022).”
The metabolic vascular syndrome - guide to an individualized treatment
Hanefeld, M., Pistrosch, F., Bornstein, S. R., & Birkenfeld, A. L. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9345-4 · Cited by 44
“Moreover, recent studies demonstrated that the consumption of high fat diets, artificial sweeteners and other dietary interventions alter the gut microbiota, resulting in intestinal inflammation and development of the metabolic syndrome [123, 124].”
BackgroundMurray, S. M., Tulloch, A. J., Criscitelli, K., & Avena, N. M. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.004 · Cited by 47
“Although the literature is replete with information regarding how low calorie sweeteners affect the taste signaling pathway [21-24] and gut microbiota [25-27], less is known about the effects on brain reward systems.”
Plasma concentrations of sucralose in children and adults
Sylvetsky, A. C., Bauman, V., Blau, J. E., Garraffo, H. M., Walter, P. J., & Rother, K. I. (2016) · Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1080/02772248.2016.1234754 · Cited by 41
“…that sucralose induces P-gp and CYP3A, alters the gut microbiome, and promotes weight gain and glucose intolerance (Abou-Donia et al. 2008; Suez et al. 2014) In light of the increasing use of sucralose by children and its potential health effects (Sylvetsky, Rother, and Brown 2011), this…”
Dietary intakes of six intense sweeteners by Irish adults
Buffini, M., Goscinny, S., Loco, J. V., Nugent, A. P., Walton, J., Flynn, A., Gibney, M. J., & McNulty, B. A. (2017) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1411619 · Cited by 41
“The impact of regular and prolonged sweetener usage by the general population remains unclear; recent scientific publications have debated the impact (both positive and negative) of these additives on various research areas, including cancer, obesity, and glycaemic control (Gallus et al. 2007; Pepino et al. 2013; Shan…”
BackgroundRuggles, K. V., Wang, J., Volkova, A., Contreras, M., Noya-Alarcón, Ó., Lander, O., Caballero‐Arias, H., & Domínguez-Bello, M. G. (2018) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00193-18 · Cited by 45
“Diet is an important modulator of the gut microbiota (5, 7, 11, 12).”
Oral and Systemic Effects of Xylitol Consumption
Janket, S., Benwait, J., Isaac, P., Ackerson, L. K., & Meurman, J. H. (2019) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000499194 · Cited by 44
“…xylitol consumption [Salminen et al., 1985] Xylitol and dysbiosis (animal studies) • Resulted in subsequently impaired glucose metabolism and weight gain [Suez et al., 2014; Burke and Small, 2015] • Moderate doses of xylitol consumption added to high-fat diets in mice resulted in decreased…”
BackgroundRaval, U., Harary, J. M., Zeng, E., & Pasinetti, G. M. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1775585 · Cited by 45
“They have been found to cause GM dysbiosis by altering GM composition by decreasing abundance of Bifidobacteria and increasing Bacteroides [118,119].”
InfluentialMartínez, X., Zapata, Y., Pinto, V., Cornejo, C., Elbers, M., van der Graaf, M., Villarroel, L. A., Hodgson, M. I., Rigotti, A., & Echeverría, G. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061594 · Cited by 42
“Within the potential effects of early exposure to sweeteners, the impact over the intestinal microbiome has been reported [14] as well as in the definition of food choices and future dietary patterns since taste preferences are formed in the early years [20].”
BackgroundHargous, C. V., Marcela Reyes, J., Taillie, L. S., González, C. G., & Corvalán, C. (2020) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00583-3 · Cited by 41
Gut mechanisms linking intestinal sweet sensing to glycemic control
Kreuch, D., Keating, D. J., Wu, T., Horowitz, M., Rayner, C. K., & Young, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00741 · Cited by 40
“Despite this, high habitual patterns of LCS consumption have been reported to increase HbA1c levels in healthy adults, independent of body mass (101), while daily LCS consumption has been dose-dependently associated with HbA1c increases in type 2 diabetes (76).”
BackgroundThe impact of common pharmaceutical excipients on the gut microbiota
Subramaniam, S., Kamath, S., Ariaee, A., Prestidge, C. A., & Joyce, P. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2023.2223937 · Cited by 41
“In a preclinical study, Suez et al. [81] demonstrated that sac-charin (10% w/v in drinking water) led to glucose intolerances by inducing dysbiosis, significantly increasing the presence of pathogenic species from the Bacteroides genus and Clostridiales order in feces.”
BackgroundAn integrative analysis reveals cancer risk associated with artificial sweeteners
Xie, J., Zhu, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y. L., Yang, M., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-06047-0 · Cited by 40
“…risk of cardiovascular events, AS have been shown to elevate the likelihood of diabetes mellitus [5, 6, 13, 20], inflammatory bowel disease [21– 23], glucose intolerance [24, 25], hypertension [26, 27], stroke [28, 29], neurotoxicity [30, 31], obesity [26, 32, 33], and cancers [14, 34, 35].”
Precision Obesity Treatments Including Pharmacogenetic and Nutrigenetic Approaches
Solas, M., Milagro, F. I., Martínez‐Urbistondo, D., Ramírez, M. J., & Martínez, J. A. (2016) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2016.04.008 · Cited by 45
“Other natural compounds [56,64] elicit fat depletion by affecting lipid biosynthesis and degradation, such as lipoic acid, alkaloids (capsaicin, piperidine), flavonoids (glycyrrizin), amino acid derivatives (betaine), some unsaturated fatty acids, as well as browning inducers (piperine, berberine, aminoisobutyric acid…”
BackgroundOverduin, J., Collet, T., Medic, N., Henning, E., Keogh, J. M., Forsyth, F., Stephenson, C., Kanning, M. W., Ruijschop, R. M. A. J., Farooqi, I. S., et al. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.009 · Cited by 40
Kreisler, A. D., Garcia, M. G., Spierling, S. R., Hui, B. E., & Zorrilla, E. P. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.039 · Cited by 40
Villageliú, D. N., & Lyte, M. (2017) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps/pex148 · Cited by 40
Wang, M., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Zheng, H., Ma, F., Ma, C., Lu, B., Xie, Z., et al. (2018) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.008 · Cited by 40
Gültekin, F. (2019) · Northern Clinics of Istanbul · doi:10.14744/nci.2019.92499 · Cited by 45
“Suez et al. (2014) demonstrated that artificial sweeteners, including saccharine, sucralose and aspartame, induced glucose intolerance in rats, which was related to increasing the number of Bacteroides spp. and bacteria in Clostridiales phylum in the intestine.”
BackgroundLu, F. L., Liu, F., Zhou, Q., Hu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.1141 · Cited by 39
“…Inc.) during the experiment process and were initially given a 3-week treatment of the following antibiotics in their drinking water (0.5 g/L of vancomycin, 1 g/L of ampicillin, 1 g/L of neomycin sulfate, 1 g/L of metronidazole), as previously described (Suez et al., 2014) with some modifications.”
MethodInfluentialExploring blood microbial communities and their influence on human cardiovascular disease
Khan, I., Khan, I., Jianye, Z., Xiao-hua, Z., Khan, M., Hilal, M. G., Kakakhel, M. A., Mehmood, A., An, L., & Zhiqiang, L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24354 · Cited by 39
Huang, Z., Li, Y., Park, H., Ho, M., Bhardwaj, K., Sugimura, N., Lee, H. W., Meng, H., Ebert, M. P., Chao, K., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2237645 · Cited by 41
“Chronic ingestion of red meats and processed meats has been reported to increase plasma and urine levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a molecule associated with gut microbial metabolism and an increased risk of CVD41,54 in a randomized controlled trial (RCT, n = 113).12 Gut microorganisms metabolize high amounts…”
BackgroundInfluentialMuñoz-Labrador, A. M., Hernández‐Hernández, O., & Moreno, F. J. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388551.2023.2254929 · Cited by 70
“…studies have suggested the association between their use and weight gain and type 2 diabetes risk, by interfering in the gut microbiota, inducing glucose intolerance, and by stimulating sweet-taste receptors which could theoretically increase appetite and trigger insulin secretion [35, 51–56].”
Designing healthier and more sustainable ultraprocessed foods
McClements, D. J. (2024) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.13331 · Cited by 47
Artificial sweeteners and their implications in diabetes: a review
Angelin, M., Kumar, J., Vajravelu, L. K., Satheesan, A., Chaithanya, V., & Murugesan, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1411560 · Cited by 48
Evaluation of the toxic effects of food additives, alone or in mixture, in four human cell models
Recoules, C., Touvier, M., Pierre, F. H. F., & Audebert, M. (2024) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2024.115198 · Cited by 48
Shabani, M., Ghoshehy, A., Mottaghi, A. M., Chegini, Z., Kerami, A., Shariati, A., & Moghadam, M. T. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1516010 · Cited by 48
Xiao, D., Ren, W., Bin, P., Chen, S., Yin, J., Gao, W., Liu, G., Nan, Z., Hu, X., & He, J. (2016) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.009 · Cited by 39
“Non-modifiable” Risk Factors for Periodontitis and Diabetes
Borgnakke, W. S. (2016) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-016-0098-7 · Cited by 44
Chan, C. B., Hashemi, Z., & Subhan, F. B. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0705 · Cited by 39
“…no insulin difference in OGTT (Swithers et al., 2012); chronic (11 wk) in drinking water impaired glucose tolerance, no effect on fasting insulin (Suez et al., 2014) Sucralose (9 mg/kg body weight per day) EC50=0.1 mM; T1R2 amino terminal domain similar but not identical to aspartame…”
BackgroundInfluentialHarnessing the microbiota for therapeutic purposes
Liwinski, T., & Elinav, E. (2019) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.15753 · Cited by 39
Self-citationIntense Sweeteners, Taste Receptors and the Gut Microbiome: A Metabolic Health Perspective
Turner, A., Veysey, M. J., Keely, S., Scarlett, C. J., Lucock, M. D., & Beckett, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17114094 · Cited by 39
“When transferred to germ-free mice, stool from NAS responders induced significant glucose intolerance in recipient germ-free mice, compared to mice who received stool from before day 1 [46].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChazelas, E., Debras, C., Srour, B., Fezeu, L., Julia, C., Herçberg, S., Deschasaux, M., & Touvier, M. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.075 · Cited by 41
Dietary Habits and Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: Focusing on the Right Diet. A Systematic Review
Gibiino, G., Siena, M. D., Sbrancia, M., Binda, C., Sambri, V., Gasbarrini, A., & Fabbri, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136728 · Cited by 40
“This was showed in animal models [44], but is still not well evaluated in a human host.”
BackgroundChronic consumption of food-additives lead to changes via microbiota gut-brain axis
de Abiega-Franyutti, P., & Freyre‐Fonseca, V. (2021) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2021.153001 · Cited by 45
Li, C., Wang, C., Lin, Y.-J., Kuo, H., Wu, J.-S., Hong, T., Chang, C., & Wu, H. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120770 · Cited by 39
Detection of counterfeit stevia products using a handheld Raman spectrometer
Jentzsch, P. V., Torrico-Vallejos, S., Mendieta-Brito, S., Ramos, L. A., & Ciobotă, V. (2016) · Vibrational Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2016.01.015 · Cited by 39
Wu, H., Lin, C., Pai, H.-L., Chen, Y., Cheng, K., Kuo, H., Li, C., & Ou, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.823723 · Cited by 40
“Sucralose also altered bile acid metabolism (7) and glucose tolerance (8) by changing the composition of gut microbiota.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Steviol Glycosides on Sensory Properties and Acceptability of Ice Cream
Muenprasitivej, N., Tao, R., Nardone, S. J., & Cho, S. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11121745 · Cited by 38
“Others claimed that the consumption of artificial sweeteners could trigger a small rise in insulin levels [10], negatively change gut bacteria [11], and could have a positive association with obesity [11–13].”
BackgroundThe critical issue linking lipids and inflammation: Clinical utility of stopping oxidative stress
Bale, B. F., Doneen, A. L., Leimgruber, P. P., & Vigerust, D. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1042729 · Cited by 39
Designing healthier bread through the lens of the gut microbiota
Wang, Y., Jian, C., Salonen, A., Dong, M., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.007 · Cited by 48
Notarbartolo, V., Carta, M., Accomando, S., & Giuffrè, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15184014 · Cited by 46
“More interestingly, a high intake of natural sugars (i.e., glucose, fructose, and sucrose) is associated with increased levels of Bifidobacteria and reduced levels of Bacteroides ; conversely, artificial sweeteners seem to induce the opposite results [51,52].”
BackgroundTaguer, M., & Maurice, C. F. (2016) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.366 · Cited by 38
Impact of food additives on the gut-brain axis
Holder, M. K., & Chassaing, B. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.025 · Cited by 43
The debate over neurotransmitter interaction in aspartame usage
Choudhary, A. K., & Lee, Y. Y. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.06.043 · Cited by 39
Structure-based screening for discovery of sweet compounds
Shoshan-Galeczki, Y. B., & Niv, M. Y. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126286 · Cited by 39
Artificial Sweeteners in Pig Feed: A Worldwide Survey and Case Study in Pig Farms in Tianjin, China
Li, D., Yao, Y., Sun, H., Wang, Y., Pu, J. Y., Calderón, R., Alder, A. C., & Kannan, K. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06853 · Cited by 39
Ahn, I. S., Lang, J. M., Olson, C. A., Diamante, G., Zhang, G., Ying, Z., Byun, H. R., Cely, I., Ding, J., Cohn, P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa239 · Cited by 40
Aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose- influence on the metabolism of Escherichia coli
Shahriar, S., Ahsan, T., Khan, A., Akhteruzzaman, S., Shehreen, S., & Sajib, A. A. (2020) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2020.100072 · Cited by 40
“microbiome can also be altered by artificial sweeteners [15,22], which in turn might result in the physiological abnormalities in their hosts [23,24].”
BackgroundHong, T., Wang, R., Wang, X., Yang, S., Wang, W., Gao, Q., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.644982 · Cited by 38
Gut microbiota and obesity: an overview of microbiota to microbial-based therapies
Sheykhsaran, E., Abbasi, A., Leylabadlo, H. E., Sadeghi, J., Mehri, S., Mazraeh, F. N., Feizi, H., & Baghi, H. B. (2022) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141311 · Cited by 41
Aditivos alimentares na infância: uma revisão sobre consumo e consequências à saúde
Kraemer, M. V. D. S., Fernandes, A. C., Chaddad, M. C. C., Uggioni, P. L., Rodrigues, V. M., Bernardo, G. L., & Proença, R. P. D. C. (2022) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004060 · Cited by 45
Imaging of sugar‐based contrast agents using their hydroxyl proton exchange properties
Knutsson, L., Xu, X., van Zijl, P. C. M., & Chan, K. W. Y. (2022) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.4784 · Cited by 38
Lacroix, C., de Wouters, T., & Chassard, C. (2015) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.009 · Cited by 38
Chi, L., Gao, B., Tu, P., Liu, C., Xue, J., Lai, Y., Ru, H., & Lü, K. (2018) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-018-9736-9 · Cited by 39
Diet-microbiome interactions in cancer
Abdeen, S. K., Mastandrea, I., Stinchcombe, N., Puschhof, J., & Elinav, E. (2025) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2025.03.013 · Cited by 36
Self-citationEffect of diet on the gut mycobiome and potential implications in inflammatory bowel disease
Buttar, J., Kon, E., Lee, A. H., Kaur, G., & Lunken, G. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2399360 · Cited by 41
Sylvetsky, A. C., Blau, J. E., & Rother, K. I. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9344-5 · Cited by 39
“This is important particularly in light of recent findings suggesting that LCS may affect the gut microbiota [15, 16, 36], which differ in individuals who are obese or have diabetes [37].”
BackgroundBoakes, R. A., Kendig, M. D., Martire, S. I., & Rooney, K. B. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.011 · Cited by 37
Jiang, J., Qi, L., Wei, Q., & Shi, F. (2017) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.12.006 · Cited by 37
“Most studies on the safety of saccharin sodium have been based on mice, and recent studies demonstrated that saccharin sodium was able to reduce glucose tolerance [51, 52].”
BackgroundHaffner, F. B., & Pasc, A. (2018) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.050 · Cited by 37
You, W., & Henneberg, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199594 · Cited by 37
Noğay, N. H., & Nahikian-Nelms, M. L. (2019) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2019.1630894 · Cited by 39
“Rats fed saccharin showed a decreased relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri and increased relative abundance of Bacteroides [54].”
BackgroundKim, S. H., Lee, W., Kwon, D., Lee, S., Son, S. W., Seo, M., Kim, K., Lee, Y., Kim, S., & Jung, Y. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9020341 · Cited by 37
Sylvetsky, A. C., Sen, S., Merkel, P., Dore, F. J., Stern, D., Henry, C. J., Cai, H., Walter, P. J., Crandall, K. A., Rother, K. I., et al. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201901166 · Cited by 37
Risdon, S., Battault, S., Romo-Romo, A., Roustit, M., Briand, L. V., Meyer, G., Almeda‐Valdés, P., & Walther, G. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa185 · Cited by 41
Shum, B. J., & Georgia, S. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.625415 · Cited by 40
Inhibitory Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Bacterial Quorum Sensing
Markus, V., Share, O., Shagan, M., Halpern, B., Bar, T., Kramarsky‐Winter, E., Teralı, K., Özer, N., Marks, R. S., Kushmaro, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22189863 · Cited by 39
“In humans, even though randomized controlled trials (RCT) suggest bodyweight benefits from the consumption of artificial sweeteners, there is still only limited data on other metabolic alterations [19], including altering gut microbiota in a manner that could enhance the metabolic diseases that they were intended to r…”
BackgroundThe immune‐supportive diet in allergy management: A narrative review and proposal
Vlieg‐Boerstra, B., Groetch, M., Vassilopoulou, Ε., Meyer, R. W., Laitinen, K., Swain, A., Durban, R., Aalst, O. B., Bottse, R., Grimshaw, K. E. C., et al. (2023) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.15687 · Cited by 42
The truth about artificial sweeteners – Are they good for diabetics?
Purohit, V., & Mishra, S. (2018) · Indian Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.020 · Cited by 40
“Recent safety concerns about them came from a large epidemiological study as well as small physiological studies in human.(3,4) In a physiological studies of artificial sweetener both aspartame and sucralose were associated with significant postprandial hyperglycemia in comparison to Stevia.”
BackgroundSweet Taste Signaling: The Core Pathways and Regulatory Mechanisms
Sukumaran, S. K., & Palayyan, S. R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158225 · Cited by 36
“In addition, they have been implicated in metabolic dysregulation, likely due to their post-ingestive signaling and adverse effects on intestinal microbiota [14,15].”
BackgroundNishimoto, Y., Fujisawa, K., Ukawa, Y., Kudoh, M., Funahashi, K., Kishimoto, Y., & Fukuda, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1077534 · Cited by 36
“Differences in individual responses to the oral intake of food and drugs have been observed, with studies showing a link with gut microbiota (18, 19).”
BackgroundAbbasi, A., Bazzaz, S., da Cruz, A. G., Khorshidian, N., Saadat, Y. R., Sabahi, S., Ozma, M. A., Lahouty, M., Aslani, R., & Mortazavian, A. M. (2023) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-023-10118-x · Cited by 38
“Suez and colleagues discovered that NAS, in particular through diminishing the frequency of A. muciniphila in the healthy human digestive tract, can drive dysbiosis and glucose intolerance by altering the microbial diversity of the gut [95].”
Sun, T., Yang, J., Lei, F., Huang, X., Liu, W., Zhang, X., Lin, L., Sun, L., Xie, X., Zhang, X., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02333-9 · Cited by 36
Food Additives: Emerging Detrimental Roles on Gut Health
Seto, T. C., Grondin, J. A., & Khan, W. I. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202500737r · Cited by 40
Cao, G., Wang, Q., Huang, W., Tong, J., Ye, D., He, Y., Liu, Z., Tang, X., Cheng, H., Wen, Q., et al. (2017) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/celldisc.2017.20 · Cited by 37
Bonnet, F., Tavenard, A., Esvan, M., Laviolle, B., Viltard, M., Lepicard, E. M., & Lainé, F. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy100 · Cited by 36
“Recent attention has focused on the metabolic interaction between high doses of high-intensity sweeteners and changes in both gut microbiota and glucose tolerance (2).”
BackgroundRojas, E., Bermúdez, V., Motlaghzadeh, Y., Mathew, J. T., Fidilio, E., Faría, J., Rojas, J., de Bravo, M. C., Contreras, J., Mantilla, L. P., et al. (2018) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0228-z · Cited by 39
Gut carbohydrate inhibits GIP secretion via a microbiota/SCFA/FFAR3 pathway
Lee, E., Zhang, X., Miyamoto, J., Kimura, I., Taknaka, T., Furusawa, K., Jomori, T., Fujimoto, K., Uematsu, S., & Miki, T. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-18-0241 · Cited by 38
Altered in Vitro Metabolomic Response of the Human Microbiota to Sweeteners
Vamanu, E., Pelinescu, D. R., Gatea, F., & Sârbu, I. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10070535 · Cited by 36
“Changes in the microbiota patterns trigger glucose intolerance—one of the stimuli causing type 2 diabetes [29].”
BackgroundSkinner, C. M., Nookaew, I., Ewing, L., Wongsurawat, T., Jenjaroenpun, P., Quick, C. M., Yee, E. U., Piccolo, B. D., ElSohly, M. A., Walker, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1761506 · Cited by 37
“…including those from our own laboratories indicate that diet and dietary supplements can modulate the gut microbiome resulting in both beneficial (De Vadder et al. 2016; Gurley et al. 2019) and deleterious (Suez et al. 2014; Miousse et al. 2017; Kumagai et al. 2018; Miousse et al. 2020) effects.”
BackgroundCalatayud, M., García‐Barrera, T., Leblic, B. C., Arias‐Borrego, A., & Collado, M. C. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115994 · Cited by 37
Ansari, A., Bose, S., You, Y., Park, S., & Kim, Y. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158145 · Cited by 37
Zheng, H. X., Ji, H., Fan, K. C., Xu, H., Huang, Y., Zheng, Y., Xu, Q., Li, C., Zhao, L., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202100772 · Cited by 40
Koppe, L., & Soulage, C. O. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.025 · Cited by 38
Vistuba, J. P., Dolzan, M. D., Vitali, L., de Oliveira, M. A. L., & Micke, G. A. (2015) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.070 · Cited by 36
A Bitter Aftertaste: Unintended Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiome
Bokulich, N. A., & Blaser, M. J. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.012 · Cited by 40
“Suez and colleagues found that germ-free mice inoculated with microbiota from NAS-fed mice became more glucose intolerant than mice conventionalized with control microbiota, demonstrating a causal role of the affected gut microbial communities (Suez et al., 2014) (Figure 1C).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHeider, E. C., Valenti, D. J., Long, R. L., Garbou, A. M., Rex, M. M., & Harper, J. K. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00490 · Cited by 37
Guercio, B. J., Zhang, S., Niedzwiecki, D., Li, Y., Babić, A., Morales‐Oyarvide, V., Saltz, L. B., Mayer, R. J., Mowat, R. B., Whittom, R., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199244 · Cited by 35
Metabolic networks of the human gut microbiota
Selber‐Hnatiw, S., Sultana, T., Tse, W., Abdollahi, N., Abdullah, S., Rahbani, J. A., Alazar, D., Alrumhein, N. J., Aprikian, S., Arshad, R., et al. (2019) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.000853 · Cited by 38
Plows, J. F., Morton-Jones, J., Bridge-Comer, P. E., Ponnampalam, A. P., Stanley, J. L., Vickers, M. H., & Reynolds, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa106 · Cited by 35
Struijk, E. A., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., Fung, T. T., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & López‐García, E. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003453 · Cited by 35
“It has been suggested that the potential adverse effects of ASB may be caused by a detrimental effect on gut microbiota that, in turn, may have a negative effect on glucose tolerance [48].”
BackgroundBarretto, S. A., Lasserre, F., Huillet, M., Régnier, M., Polizzi, A., Lippi, Y., Fougerat, A., Person, E., Bruel, S., Bétoulières, C., et al. (2021) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01050-9 · Cited by 42
“It remains to be determined whether this has clinical relevance, in regard to either medications with narrow therapeutic indexes or potentially life-threatening toxicities, or to food contaminants found to perturb the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolism, with toxicological consequences for the host [7…”
BackgroundBjørnland, T., Langaas, M., Grill, V., & Mostad, I. L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175071 · Cited by 35
“In support of this notion several recent studies report increasing appetite [42, 43] and obesity-favouring microbiotic effects [44] by artificially sweetened beverages.”
ResultLo, W.-C., Ou, S.-H., Chou, C.-L., Chen, J.-S., Wu, M.-Y., & Wu, M.-S. (2021) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-020-00957-0 · Cited by 34
Bhuia, M. S., Siam, M. S. H., Ahamed, M. R., Roy, U. K., Hossain, M. I., Rokonuzzman, M., Islam, T., Sharafat, R., Bappi, M. H., Mia, M. N., et al. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12050637 · Cited by 34
“A recent investigation demonstrated that long-time utilization of SCN enhances glucose intolerance by affecting gut microorganisms, resulting in prediabetic consequences, such as insulin resistance, heart disease, stroke, obesity, and mortality risk [15,16].”
BackgroundShu, L., Zhang, X., Zhou, J., Zhu, Q., & Si, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1211797 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Suez, J., Korem, T., Zeevi, D., Zilberman-Schapira, G., Thaiss, C. A., Maza, O., Israeli, D., Zmora, N., Gilad, S., Weinberger, A., Kuperman, Y., Harmelin, A., Kolodkin-Gal, I., Shapiro, H., Halpern, Z., Segal, E., & Elinav, E.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Jerusalem Mental Health Center (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Segal, Eran
- Elinav, Eran
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-09-17
- Volume
- 514
- Issue
- 7521
- Pages
- 181-186
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1989947363
- Cited by
- 2,067
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 145 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 218 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 153 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 24
- FWCI
- 62.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- impaired glucose tolerance, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, obesity, fecal microbiota transplantation, germ-free mice, antibiotic therapy, type 2 diabetes, microbial metabolic pathways, food additives
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Aspartame, Body Weight, Dietary Fats, Feces, Female, Germ-Free Life, Glucose, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Saccharin, Sucrose, Sweetening Agents, Glucose Intolerance, Metabolic Syndrome, Gastrointestinal Tract, Waist-Hip Ratio, Mice, Diet, High-Fat, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
