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Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants
Open accessAbstract
All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage. So far, no comprehensive analysis of the global accumulation and exchange of alien plant species between continents has been performed, primarily because of a lack of data. Here we bridge this knowledge gap by using a unique global database on the occurrences of naturalized alien plant species in 481 mainland and 362 island regions. In total, 13,168 plant species, corresponding to 3.9% of the extant global vascular flora, or approximately the size of the native European flora, have become naturalized somewhere on the globe as a result of human activity. North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species, whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. Continents in the Northern Hemisphere have been the major donors of naturalized alien species to all other continents. Our results quantify for the first time the extent of plant naturalizations worldwide, and illustrate the urgent need for globally integrated efforts to control, manage and understand the spread of alien species.
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“Comprehensive accounts are now available on established and/or invasive alien species of vascular plants (van Kleunen et al., 2015, 2019; Pyšek et al., 2017b ), bryophytes (Essl et al., 2015), terrestrial snails (Capinha et al., 2015), ants, spiders [see Dawson et al., 2017 and references therein], fishes (Tedesco et al., 2017), amphibians (Capinha et al., 2017), reptiles (Kraus, 2009, 2015; Capin”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as van Kleunen et al., 2015
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“For vascular plants, the most recent figures report ∼14,000 species with established alien populations in at least one region, constituting ∼4% of the world flora.”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as van Kleunen et al., 2015
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Niche Dynamics of Alien Plant Species in Mediterranean Europe
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“People have been moving plants around for millennia, often with unexpected and ecologically disastrous consequences (Pyšek et al. 2020; van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
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“Human activity and trade have driven the introduction of plants and animals beyond their historic ranges (van Kleunen et al., 2015).”
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BackgroundInfluentialFeitosa, R., Silva, T. S. R., Camacho, G. P., Ulysséa, M., Ladino, N., Oliveira, A. M., de Albuquerque, E. Z., Ribas, C., Schmidt, F. A., Morini, M., et al. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.221170 · Cited by 9
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Адвентивная флора Новосибирской области
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InfluentialAlien plants and novel ecosystems in the Greater Tropics
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Clonal alien plants in the mountains spread upward more extensively and faster than non-clonal
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Self-citationNew records for the alien vascular flora of Calabria (S-Italy)
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“On the other hand, given that Europe is one of the major donors of nat-uralized plants globally 55 , the anthropogenic changes that drive the naturalization of European plant species in other continents are likely to similarly affect the occupancy change of native species in these other continents.”
Self-citationZargar, S. A., Malik, R. A., Khuroo, A. A., Ganie, A. H., & Reshi, Z. A. (2025) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-025-03562-z · Cited by 12
“…aimed to compile a comprehensive inventory of the alien flora in Ladakh that aligns with regional and global initiatives (Richardson and Pyšek 2006; Van Kleunen et al. 2015; Pyšek et al. 2018; Ansong et al. 2019; Omer et al. 2021; Holmes et al. 2023; Gulzar et al. 2024b) for documenting alien…”
Huang, Z., Lin, M.-L., & Chen, G.-Q. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41772 · Cited by 7
“Meanwhile, the diffusion of invasive plants has been accelerating with the increasing construction of traffic systems, increasing cross-region flows of people, transport vehicles, and goods, and the introduction of new alien plant species [4].”
Intraspecific diversity mitigates the negative soil-legacy impacts of an invasive plant.
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“Globally, the number of invasive species introduced by human activities is increasing rapidly [15].”
BackgroundNaturalized alien flora of Uzbekistan: species richness, origin and habitats
Makhkamov, T., Kortz, A., Hejda, M., Brundu, G., & Pyšek, P. (2024) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-024-03371-w · Cited by 7
“Overall, this new effort towards improving our knowledge of the global distribution of alien plants (van Kleunen et al. 2015, 2019; Pyšek et al. 2017) indicates that alien floras in the Western-Asian countries, while still underestimated, are gaining attention.”
Self-citationShah, K., Sharma, G., & Sagar, R. (2024) · Ecological Processes · doi:10.1186/s13717-024-00504-w · Cited by 7
“…ability can be deciphered through its varied plant functional traits and plastic responses to a wide range of environments (Kueffer et al. 2013; van Kleunen et al. 2015; Funk et al. 2016) that are de facto important determinants of its establishment, proliferation, and spread (Hui et al. 2023).”
BackgroundImpacts of invasive alien species on riparian plant communities in South African savanna
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“Their naturalized populations have been recorded in 17 – 32% of regions of the world, based on the GloNAF database (Py š ek et al. 2017, van Kleunen et al. 2015, 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationJocienė, L., Krokaitė, E., Rekašius, T., Juškaitytė, E., Ielciu, I., Galanina, O. V., & Kupčinskienė, E. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15101084 · Cited by 7
Insect pests in apple (Malus domestca Borkh) gardens: Review
Kamusiime, E., Nantongo, J., & Wacal, C. (2023) · GSC Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/gscarr.2023.15.1.0109 · Cited by 7
“According to literature, Northern Hemisphere has accumulated the largest number of naturalized insect pest species and have been the major donors of naturalized alien insect pests to all other continents (71).”
Qian, H., & Sandel, B. (2023) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.06750 · Cited by 7
Onen, H., Farooq, S., Muñoz‐Rodríguez, P., Alharbi, S., & Alfarraj, S. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University: Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102543 · Cited by 7
Karrer, G., Hall, R., Corre, V. L., & Kropf, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30377-6 · Cited by 7
Pfadenhauer, W. G., Nelson, M. F., Laginhas, B. B., & Bradley, B. A. (2022) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13639 · Cited by 10
Adhikari, S., Revolinski, S. R., Eigenbrode, S. D., & Burke, I. C. (2021) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/plab049 · Cited by 11
Ipomoea coccinea L. (Convolvulaceae): a new introduced alien plant species in Turkey
Önen, H., Özaslan, C., Farooq, S., & Jones, C. A. (2021) · doi:10.1111/epp.12730 · Cited by 7
Evidence of a rapid and adaptive response of hemipteran mouthparts to a physical barrier
Allen, P. E., Cui, Q., & Miller, C. (2021) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.13766 · Cited by 7
New Species Assemblages Disrupt Obligatory Mutualisms Between Figs and Their Pollinators
Bernard, J., Brock, K. C., Tonnell, V., Walsh, S., Wenger, J. P., Wolkis, D. M., & Weiblen, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.564653 · Cited by 7
Díaz, J. G., de la Riva, E. G., Parker, I., Leiva, M., Bernardo‐Madrid, R., & Vilà, M. (2020) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d12050193 · Cited by 7
Ben-David, A., Shamon, H., Izhaki, I., Efronny, R., Maor, R., & Dayan, T. (2019) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-019-0270-8 · Cited by 10
Composition and spatial-temporal distribution of Chinese naturalized plants
Xu, G., Li, H.-Y., Mo, X., & Meng, W.-Q. (2019) · Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0053 · Cited by 7
Species invasions and the phylogenetic signal in geographical range size
Pigot, A. L., Dyer, E. E., Redding, D. W., Cassey, P., Thomas, G. H., & Blackburn, T. M. (2018) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12768 · Cited by 6
Land Cover and Land Use Change on Islands: Social & Ecological Threats to Sustainability
Walsh, S. J., Riveros-Iregui, D., Arce-Nazario, J., & Page, P. H. (2020) · Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43973-6 · Cited by 7
The Changing Role of Europe in Past and Future Alien Species Displacement
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Self-citationBiological control strategies as sustainable alternatives to herbicides in weed management
Omokaro, G. O. (2026) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2026.128003 · Cited by 6
Invasive C4 plants cause greater soil greenhouse gas emissions than C3 plants
Gu, Z., Zhou, L., Fu, Y., Long, J., Zhang, Z., Miao, Y., Guo, L., Thakur, M. P., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02844-7 · Cited by 5
“Invasiveplantsposeasigni fi cantthreattoglobalbiodiversityandecosystem functions 1,2 .”
Scale‐dependent variation in leaf functional traits clarifies mechanisms of invasion
Westerband, A., Knight, T. M., & Barton, K. (2025) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.07566 · Cited by 6
Guo, Y.-J., Chen, D., Wang, S.-J., Meng, K., & Wang, Y.-J. (2025) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.70015 · Cited by 6
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“Although over 13,000 plant species have successfully naturalized outside their native ranges (van Kleunen et al. 2015), the accumulation of alien species is still expected to increase (Seebens et al. 2021), which dramatically increases the risk of alien plant invasions around the world.”
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Soil tillage effect on the control of invasive Spartina anglica in a coastal wetland
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“The invasion of exotic plants is a widespread global phenomenon that presents ecological, environmental, and economical hazards (van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
Asymmetrical insect invasions between three world regions
Isitt, R., Liebhold, A. M., Turner, R. M., Battisti, A., Bertelsmeier, C., Blake, R. E., Brockerhoff, E., Heard, S. B., Krokene, P., Økland, B., et al. (2024) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.90.110942 · Cited by 6
Reproductive strategies of native plant populations altered by a plant invasion
Dostál, P. (2023) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14399 · Cited by 6
Belowground bud bank of invasive plants contributes to their successful invasion in coastal wetlands
Wu, J., & Yu, F. (2022) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.13821 · Cited by 6
Colonialism shaped today’s biodiversity
Raja, N. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01903-y · Cited by 6
Expansion of Acer negundo L. in the forest parks of Yekaterinburg
Tishkina, E. (2022) · IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1045/1/012069 · Cited by 6
“9% of the species of the Earth's flora naturalized in regions new to them [1], the greatest threat to the diversity of native communities is associated with transforming plants, which can block the normal course of successions [2-6].”
BackgroundRare, common, alien and native species follow different rules in an understory plant community
Reeve, S., Deane, D., McGrannachan, C., Horner, G., Hui, C., & Mcgeoch, M. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8734 · Cited by 6
Duchesneau, K., Derickx, L., & Antunes, P. M. (2021) · doi:10.3897/neobiota.65.65415 · Cited by 6
Contribution to the Alien Flora of Turkey: Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Balsaminaceae)
Coşkunçelebi̇, K., & Terzioğlu, S. (2021) · Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi · doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.870316 · Cited by 6
Craven, D., Weigelt, P., Wolkis, D., & Kreft, H. (2021) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.13025 · Cited by 24
“While spatial patterns of alien species diversity at macroecological scales are increasingly well understood (e.g., van Kleunen et al., 2015; Dawson et al., 2017; Moser et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2021), the cross- scale drivers of the occupancy and abundance of alien species are unclear, yet are…”
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Zucaratto, R., Santos, G. S., Pires, A. D. S., & Bergallo, H. (2020) · Journal of Coastal Conservation · doi:10.1007/s11852-020-00738-8 · Cited by 6
“Island ecosystems correspond to approximately half the areas on the globe with known occurrences of non-native plants (van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- van Kleunen, M., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Pergl, J., Winter, M., Weber, E., Kreft, H., Weigelt, P., Kartesz, J., Nishino, M., Antonova, L. A., Barcelona, J. F., Cabezas, F. J., Cárdenas, D., Cárdenas-Toro, J., Castaño, N., Chacón, E., Chatelain, C., Ebel, A. L., Figueiredo, E., Fuentes, N., Groom, Q. J., Henderson, L., Inderjit, Kupriyanov, A., Masciadri, S., Meerman, J., Morozova, O., Moser, D., Nickrent, D. L., Patzelt, A., Pelser, P. B., Baptiste, M. P., Poopath, M., Schulze, M., Seebens, H., Shu, W.-S., Thomas, J., Velayos, M., Wieringa, J. J., & Pyšek, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (DE)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- The Biota of North America Program (US)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Instituto Sinchi (CO)
- Jardin Botanique de Genève (CH)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- Meise Botanic Garden (BE)
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa (ZA)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Universidad de la República de Uruguay (UY)
- University of Belize (BZ)
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute (CO)
- Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation (TH)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- King Saud University (SA)
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- van Kleunen, Mark
- ORCID
- van Kleunen, Mark
- Dawson, Wayne
- Essl, Franz
- Pergl, Jan
- Winter, Marten
- Weber, Ewald
- Kreft, Holger
- Weigelt, Patrick
- Barcelona, Julie F.
- Cabezas, Francisco J.
- Chatelain, Cyrille
- Figueiredo, Estrela
- Fuentes, Nicol
- Groom, Quentin J.
- Kupriyanov, Andrey
- Moser, Dietmar
- Nickrent, Daniel L.
- Patzelt, Annette
- Pelser, Pieter B.
- Poopath, Manop
- Seebens, Hanno
- Shu, Wen-sheng
- Thomas, Jacob
- Velayos, Mauricio
- Wieringa, Jan J.
- Pyšek, Petr
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-08-19
- Volume
- 525
- Issue
- 7567
- Pages
- 100-103
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1803950400
- Cited by
- 1,095
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 87.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Klima- und Energiefonds
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG– FZT 118, KL 1866/9-1, RVO 67985939, FZT118)
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky (GB14-36079G, RVO 67,985,939, 67985939, 36079G)
- King Saud University
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Akademie Věd České Republiky (RVO [67985939], 67985939, 14‐36079G)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Gobierno de México
- Deutsches Zentrum für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG-FZT 118, FZT 118)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Keywords
- non-native plants, naturalized species, biological invasions, plant introduction, human-mediated dispersal, Anthropocene, vascular flora, island biogeography, North America, Pacific Islands, Northern Hemisphere, invasive species management
- MeSH terms
- North America, Pacific Islands, Plants, Databases, Factual, Biodiversity, Introduced Species, Phylogeography, Geographic Mapping
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