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Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants
Open accessAbstract
All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage. So far, no comprehensive analysis of the global accumulation and exchange of alien plant species between continents has been performed, primarily because of a lack of data. Here we bridge this knowledge gap by using a unique global database on the occurrences of naturalized alien plant species in 481 mainland and 362 island regions. In total, 13,168 plant species, corresponding to 3.9% of the extant global vascular flora, or approximately the size of the native European flora, have become naturalized somewhere on the globe as a result of human activity. North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species, whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. Continents in the Northern Hemisphere have been the major donors of naturalized alien species to all other continents. Our results quantify for the first time the extent of plant naturalizations worldwide, and illustrate the urgent need for globally integrated efforts to control, manage and understand the spread of alien species.
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“Comprehensive accounts are now available on established and/or invasive alien species of vascular plants (van Kleunen et al., 2015, 2019; Pyšek et al., 2017b ), bryophytes (Essl et al., 2015), terrestrial snails (Capinha et al., 2015), ants, spiders [see Dawson et al., 2017 and references therein], fishes (Tedesco et al., 2017), amphibians (Capinha et al., 2017), reptiles (Kraus, 2009, 2015; Capin”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as van Kleunen et al., 2015
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“For vascular plants, the most recent figures report ∼14,000 species with established alien populations in at least one region, constituting ∼4% of the world flora.”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as van Kleunen et al., 2015
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Items 701–800 of 911
Data Descriptor: Pacific Introduced Flora (PaciFLora)
Wohlwend, M. R., Craven, D., Weigelt, P., Seebens, H., Winter, M., Kreft, H., Dawson, W., Essl, F., van Kleunen, M., Pergl, J., et al. (2021) · Biodiversity Data Journal · doi:10.3897/bdj.9.e67318 · Cited by 3
Self-citationAdhikari, S., Burke, I., Piaskowski, J., & Eigenbrode, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Agronomy · doi:10.3389/fagro.2021.662375 · Cited by 3
Larrue, S., Meyer, J.-Y., Fumanal, B., Daehler, C., Chadeyron, J., Flores, M., & Mazal, L. (2021) · Pacific Science · doi:10.2984/74.4.8 · Cited by 3
Tsang, A. H. F., & Dudgeon, D. (2021) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-021-02493-9 · Cited by 3
Tang, J., Guo, X., Lu, X., Liu, M.-C., Zhang, H.-Y., Feng, Y.-L., & Kong, D. (2020) · Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0166 · Cited by 3
“DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0166 随着全球社会经济活动的日益紧密, 越来越多 的植物被带入非原产地环境, 快速扩散成为入侵植 物。全球变化背景下, 入侵植物已对当地生物多样 性、社会经济以及人类健康造成重大威胁(万方浩等, 2011; 鞠瑞亭等, 2012; van Kleunen et al., 2015; Pathak et al., 2019)。探求外来植物成功入侵的机制 是近几十年来生态和进化领域的一个重要议题, 同 时也是进行入侵防控的前提(Wolfe et al., 2008; Catford et al., 2009; Lau & Schultheis,…”
InfluentialOmer, A., Yang, Q., Fristoe, T. S., Maurel, N., Weigelt, P., Kreft, H., Bleilevens, J., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Pergl, J., et al. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.160389373.32276652/v1 · Cited by 3
Self-citationYan, J.-G., Zhu, Z., Huang, H.-H., Wang, X.-Y., Sui, H., Qiu, D.-D., Bai, J., & Cui, B. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.ecohyd.2019.08.002 · Cited by 3
Zwahlen, J., Reem, E., Douek, J., & Rinkevich, B. (2020) · Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.22541/au.159242111.16785093 · Cited by 3
Invasive Activity of Woody Plants in Tsytsyn Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences
Yatsenko, I., & Vinogradova, Y. K. (2019) · Russian Journal of Biological Invasions · doi:10.1134/s2075111719010156 · Cited by 3
Exotic birds provide unique insight into species invasions
Lockwood, J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1712744114 · Cited by 3
Haider, J., Höbart, R., Kovacs, N., Milchram, M., Dullinger, S., Huber, W., & Essl, F. (2016) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467416000158 · Cited by 3
“With the important exception of islands (Daehler 2006, Denslow et al. 2009, Kueffer et al. 2010), tropical ecosystems are so far less affected by biological invasions than temperate or subtropical regions (Van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationUrban Habitats: Cities and Their Potential for Nature Protection
Jansen, J., & Hobohm, C. (2021) · Environmental challenges and solutions · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57710-0_18 · Cited by 5
Walsh, S., Brewington, L., Laso, F., Shao, Y., Bilsborrow, R., Nazario, J. A., Mattei, H., Page, P. H., Frizzelle, B., & Pizzitutti, F. (2020) · Social and ecological interactions in the Galapagos Islands · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43973-6_3 · Cited by 3
Atchison, J., & Phillips, C. (2020) · International Encyclopedia of Human Geography · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10750-4 · Cited by 3
A second horizon scan of biogeography: Golden Ages, Midas touches, and the Red Queen
Dawson, M. N., Axmacher, J. C., Beierkuhnlein, C., Blois, J. L., Bradley, B. A., Cord, A. F., Dengler, J., He, K. S., Heaney, L. R., Jansson, R., et al. (2016) · Frontiers of Biogeography · doi:10.21425/f58429770 · Cited by 13
“A new global database of establishment of over 11,000 alien plant species, called the Global Naturalized Alien Floras (GloNAF; van Kleunen et al. 2015), identifies non-native species richness at national or sub-national levels.”
BackgroundInvasive species’ environmental impacts are more severe in the Global South
Bacher, S., Pyšek, P., & Seebens, H. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aed0603 · Cited by 3
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“In Oceania and North America, much research has been conducted on the effects of the invasive Carp ( Cyprius carpio ), which has been identi fi ed as a particular threat to fl oodplain wetland species (Vilizzi et al. 2014; Moore & Mandrak 2024).”
InfluentialZhang, J., Xiao, X., Huang, W., Huo, Y.-X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S.-J., Huang, X., Hassan, M. U., Xue, Y., Su, Q.-T., et al. (2026) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.73573 · Cited by 2
“Asia is a hotspot for biological invasions, where intensive agriculture, rapid urbanization, and frequent international trade collectively accelerate the spread and ecological influence of invasive species in this region (Van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
The global geography of plant invasion risk under future climate and land-use changes
Omer, A., Dullinger, S., Wessely, J., Lenzner, B., García-Rodríguez, A., Schertler, A., Moser, D., Gattringer, A., Davis, A. J. S., Dawson, W., et al. (2026) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-026-03040-2 · Cited by 2
“Thus, although our results support previous studies documenting disproportionately high numbers of naturalized alien plant species in temperate regions 1,2,29 , we additionally identify a high potential invasion risk within (sub)tropical environments (Fig.”
InfluentialSelf-citationKong, J., Hu, C., Qie, Y., Xu, C., Wang, A.-H., Zhang, Z.-H., & Hu, G. (2026) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d18010044 · Cited by 2
Rönnfeldt, A., Holle, V., Schifferle, K., Gallien, L., Knight, T., Weigelt, P., Craven, D., Cabral, J. S., & Zurell, D. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-68023-6 · Cited by 2
“One such island system is the Paci fi c Island region, which harbors the highest number of invasive plant species per unit area 17 .”
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“Although nearly all regions of the world harbour naturalized alien plants, the geographical distribution of these species is highly uneven, with some regions acting as donors or recipients of many more species than others 1,3 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationRobeck, P., Al-Khawand, G., & Rychlak, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2025.1621445 · Cited by 2
Peng, S., Hui, C., Wang, Y., Li, Z.-H., & Zhao, Z.-H. (2025) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ae1e18 · Cited by 2
“Higher socio-economic development is associated with more severe invasions, proven on both large and regional scales (van Kleunen et al 2015, Kusumoto et al 2021).”
Bardgett, R. D. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191858710.001.0001 · Cited by 2
Chen, D., Cai, A.-M., Wang, Y.-J., & van Kleunen, M. (2025) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70252 · Cited by 2
Yu, H., Feng, X., Lin, Y.-H., Yang, Y., Song, Z., Ang, S. C., & Wang, Q.-C. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72329 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, the introduction of numerous new species, such as plantation forest species and garden species, has altered the island's species pool (Van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
Nădășan, I., Babotă, M., Rusu, A., & Tanase, C. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14192966 · Cited by 2
Phylogenetic relatedness drives litter‐mediated diversity–invasibility relationships
Sun, C., Cheng, C., Zhang, Z., Ye, M., Li, Y., Siemann, E., Liu, M., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Li, B., et al. (2025) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.70563 · Cited by 3
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“Currently, over 13,000 species of vascular plants are naturalised in areas outside their native ranges (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Seebens et al. 2017, 2021), and a subset of these species is actively spreading and colonising new areas where they are regarded as invasive species (Blackburn et al.…”
Indirect competitive advantages of invasive over native plants under multiple stressors.
Shi, X., Li, W.-T., van Kleunen, M., Li, L., & Zheng, Y.-L. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126422 · Cited by 2
Native and alien plant species diversity across forest types in the mid-hills of central Nepal
Chataut, G. P., Sharma, K. P., Shrestha, B., & Siwakoti, M. (2025) · Botanica Orientalis Journal of Plant Science · doi:10.3126/botor.v16i1.79986 · Cited by 2
“Approximately 3.9% of the total global vascular plant count consists of naturalized and invasive alien plant species that have extended beyond their original ranges (Van Kleunen et al .”
InfluentialAbonyo, C. R. K., & Oduor, A. M. O. (2025) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125864 · Cited by 3
An Updated Environmental Resistance Model for Predicting the Spread of Invasive Species
Liu, Y., Kartesz, J., Nishino, M., Sturgeon, D. J. E., & Thomas, M. B. (2025) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.15089 · Cited by 2
“Eastern US has a high proportion of non-native species in the native communities (Stohlgren et al. 2006) and covers the major invasion hotspots at both country and global scale (Stohlgren et al. 2006; van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
Self-citationLong‐term stability of tropical forest metacommunities in Puerto Rico: Native and non‐native species
Presley, S., Rojas-Sandoval, J., & Willig, M. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13419 · Cited by 2
“Currently over 13,000 species of vascular plants are naturalized outside of their native ranges (Pyšek et al., 2017; van Kleunen et al., 2015) and a subset of these species is actively spreading into new areas, where they are regarded as invasive species that rapidly become widespread or locally…”
Niche shifts drive the global distribution of a widespread plant invader of rangelands
Carboni, L. J., Biganzoli, F., & Cipriotti, P. (2024) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-024-03496-y · Cited by 2
“Naturalized alien plant species are distributed almost globally, although their abundance varies across the world (Van Kleunen et al. 2015; Pyšek et al. 2017).”
Discrepancies in Australian jurisdiction-based regulation of invasive plants
Maher, J., Virtue, J., Stringham, O., & Cassey, P. (2024) · Invasive Plant Science and Management · doi:10.1017/inp.2024.26 · Cited by 2
“…invasive, the increasing interconnectedness of the world has led to more plants being introduced and spread by human activities to new environments, resulting in a rising number of invasive species (Hulme 2009; Mack and Lonsdale 2001; Seebens et al. 2015, 2017; van Kleunen et al. 2015, 2018).”
Ye, X.-Q., Meng, J.-L., Ma, R., Liang, J.-L., Wu, M., Man, R., & Yu, F. (2024) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.96.129863 · Cited by 2
“Biological invasions are amongst the greatest threats to indigenous biodiversity, ecosystem services and economic development globally (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Early et al. 2016; Head 2017; Adomako et al. 2019; Roiloa et al. 2020).”
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Haupt, K. S., Mausolf, K., Lassen, J., Music, P., Schippmann, M., Schrautzer, J., & Erfmeier, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2024.1355098 · Cited by 2
Can gardeners identify ‘future invaders’?
Jones, T., Culham, A., Pickles, B. J., & David, J. C. (2024) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.91.110560 · Cited by 2
“Stace and Crawley (2015) and The Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Pyšek et al. 2017) were used for determining domestic status, including naturalisation.”
MethodEffects of biogeographical origin on the flowering phenology of exotic plant communities
Maruyama, N., Uchida, K., Kawabata, S., Yasunaga, E., Miyazaki, K., & Fukano, Y. (2023) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-023-03193-2 · Cited by 2
“Roughly, it is estimated that there are more than 4000 vascular species in Japan (Hoshino et al. 2011), including 1100 naturalized species (Shimizu et al. 2001; Uemura et al. 2015).”
Hirata, M., Higuchi, Y., Matsuo, A., Sato, M. P., Suyama, Y., Kiyoshi, T., Konuma, A., Tominaga, T., & Shimono, Y. (2023) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14206 · Cited by 2
“Human-driven translocation of organisms due to increasing global trade and transport has enormous impact on species distribution (van Kleunen, Dawson, et al., 2015 ).”
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Zykova, E. Y. (2023) · Russian Journal of Biological Invasions · doi:10.1134/s2075111723040203 · Cited by 5
Waterton, J., Mazer, S. J., & Cleland, E. E. (2023) · Evolution · doi:10.1093/evolut/qpad119 · Cited by 2
“…of global change, such as climate change and species introductions, alter the composition of plant communities worldwide (Kuebbing et al., 2013; van Kleunen et al., 2015), understanding how plant community composition shapes selection will facilitate predictions of the total evolutionary responses…”
BackgroundMaharani, N., Kusrini, M. D., & Hamidy, A. (2023) · IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1220/1/012019 · Cited by 2
Ivey, P., Hill, M., Voukeng, S. N. K., & Weaver, K. (2023) · BioControl (Dordrecht) · doi:10.1007/s10526-023-10184-8 · Cited by 2
Drivers of asymmetrical insect invasions between three world regionsPreprint
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“North America and Australasia each have nearly twice as many extra-continental non-native plant species as Europe 35 (Table 1).”
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Haupt, K. S., Mausolf, K., Richter, J., Schrautzer, J., & Erfmeier, A. (2022) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109497 · Cited by 2
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Sicilia-Pasos, G., Losada-Lima, A., Jay-García, L. S., Martins, A., Sim-Sim, M., & Patiño, J. (2022) · Journal of Bryology · doi:10.1080/03736687.2022.2123904 · Cited by 2
“The European colonial trade networks moved plants from many regions in the Southern Hemisphere to Europe for hundreds of years (Seebens et al. 2015; van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEsina, I., & Khapugin, A. (2022) · The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Diversity (IECD 2022)—New Insights into the Biodiversity of Plants, Animals and Microbes · doi:10.3390/iecd2022-12416 · Cited by 2
Plata, K. L. E., Quintero-Pértuz, I., & Carbonó-Delahoz, E. (2022) · Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales · doi:10.18257/raccefyn.1520 · Cited by 3
A Review of Avian Dispersal of Non-Native and Invasive Plants in the Southeastern United States
Vanderhoff, E. N., & Rentsch, J. (2022) · Castanea · doi:10.2179/0008-7475.86.2.225 · Cited by 2
“The U.S. has the highest level of naturalized exotic plant species in the world and many of those species occur in the southeastern U.S. (Van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe most dangerous invasive plant in Protected Areas of the Mountain Crimea
Bagrikova, N. A., Plugatar, Y. V., Bondarenko, Z., & Николаевич, Р. О. (2021) · Scientific notes of the “Cape Martyan” Nature Reserve · doi:10.36305/2413-3019-2021-12-114-148 · Cited by 3
Gamochaeta coarctata: A new allien species for Turkey
Yılmaz, H. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Biodiversity · doi:10.38059/biodiversity.982798 · Cited by 2
The flip side of the coin: ecological function of the bee-hawking Asian hornet.
Chen, G., Zhang, Z.-M., Chomicki, G., & Sun, W.-B. (2020) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12412 · Cited by 2
Sobrinho, M. D. S., Cavalcante, A. D. M. B., Duarte, A. D. S., & dos Santos, D. S. G. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia · doi:10.1590/0102-7786343052 · Cited by 2
“Como consequência, hoje, praticamente todos os ecossistemas do mundo hospedam espécies exóticas (Van Kleunen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGame of Clones: Students Model the Dispersal and Fighting of Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica)
Fuchs, A., Pichler-Koban, C., Elmenreich, W., & Jungmeier, M. (2018) · Diversity and Ecology of Invasive Plants · doi:10.5772/intechopen.82873 · Cited by 2
Effects of Biological Invasions on Pest Management
Roderick, G. K., & Navajas, M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119255574.ch10 · Cited by 1
MacDonald, G. (2017) · Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes · doi:10.1111/cag.12356 · Cited by 2
Towards recommending visualizations for biodiversity data
Kaur, P., Gaikwad, J., & König-Ries, B. (2016) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1157-z · Cited by 2
Contrasting biodiversity of invasive herbs inside and outside nature reserves in Guizhou
Guo, C., Zhu, J.-F., Liu, X.-Y., Zhao, C.-Y., & Li, J.-S. (2021) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2020292 · Cited by 2
“Key words: nature reserve; invasive alien plant; plant diversity; human disturbance 随着全球经济一体化、交通和旅游的发展, 各 地的外来入侵植物数量显著增加(Van Kleunen et al, 2015)。外来入侵植物与本地物种竞争生存空间和养 分、分泌具有抑制作用的化感物质、与本地种杂交 等, 对全球生物多样性、生态系统等构成了严重威 胁(类延宝等, 2010)。自然保护区是生物多样性保护 的热点地区, 在生物多样性保护中起着重要作用, 也被认为是阻止外来物种入侵的有效屏障(Foxcroft et al,…”
Identifying species and hybrids in the genus juglans by biochemical profiling of bark
Af, L., Ri, B., Sn, K., & Ms, K. (2020) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.4453881 · Cited by 2
Jay-García, L. S., Arjona, Y., Collart, F., Vanderpoorten, A., Broennimann, O., Guisan, A., Fernández-Palacios, J., & Patiño, J. (2026) · Ecography · doi:10.1002/ecog.08162 · Cited by 1
The rarest invaders: systematic global evidence for the conservation-invasion paradox in plants
Ripa, R., Klinger, Y., & Franzese, J. (2026) · npj Biodiversity · doi:10.1038/s44185-026-00142-9 · Cited by 1
“Thisisconsistentwith previouslydocumentedpatterns 5,10,35 , where utilitarian value and deliberate translocation were identi fi ed as central drivers of the introduction andnaturalizationofplantspecies.”
Lu, W., Lin, M., Liu, S., & Liu, B. (2026) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants15111680 · Cited by 1
“China stands out as a global epicenter for biological invasions [9].”
Agroforestry as a gateway for cultivated alien plants and invasion transitions in India
Kaushik, P., Pati, P. K., Khan, M., & Khare, P. (2026) · Agroforestry Systems · doi:10.1007/s10457-026-01519-2 · Cited by 1
“…originating from Tropical and South America were disproportionately represented among naturalized and invasive taxa, consistent with global evidence that climatic similarity between source and recipient regions strongly increases invasion probability (Van Kleunen et al. 2015; Daly et al. 2023).”
Lee, M.-H., Kanturski, M., Favret, C., & Lee, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46921-z · Cited by 1
Kambach, S., Jandt, U., Acosta, A. T. R., Álvarez‐Martínez, J. M., Axmanová, I., Bazzichetto, M., Bergmeier, E., Bernhardt‐Römermann, M., Biurrun, I., Bonari, G., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72112-5 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLiu, S., Sepp, S., Ah-Peng, C., Paganeli, B., Püssa, K., Junaedi, D., Rodríguez‐Alarcón, S., Olson, M., Vasar, M., Martínez, O. Z., et al. (2026) · Plant, Cell and Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.70585 · Cited by 1
“As approximately 4% of global flora has established itself outside its native range (van Kleunen et al. 2015), these non‐ native plant species have attracted significant attention due to their potential threat to local biodiversity (Kumar Rai and Singh 2020).”
Riera, M., Chytrý, M., Melero, Y., Sáez, L., Attorre, F., Axmanová, I., Biurrun, I., Bonari, G., Buldrini, F., Delbosc, P., et al. (2026) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.70245 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCommunity assembly shapes the performance of Solanum nitidibaccatum, an emerging ruderal non-native
Puchałka, R., & Czortek, P. (2026) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.107.179191 · Cited by 1
Drought eliminates soil microbially mediated indirect competitive advantage among exotic plants
Tao, Z.-B., Zhang, Z.-J., Wan, J., Zhang, K., Otieno, E. O., Yang, Q., Wilschut, R., Siemann, E., & Huang, W. (2026) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.71124 · Cited by 1
Iamba, K., Szefer, P., Molem, K., Sau, A., Maiah, G., & Novotný, V. (2026) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.70323 · Cited by 1
Orbea, B., Vargas, L. C. V., Patiño, J., Campos, J. A., Acosta-Vargas, L., Nualart, N., Madriz-Masis, J. P., & López-Pujol, J. (2026) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.106.168397 · Cited by 1
South African plants growing wild in Mexico: patterns and the uncertainty of native areas
Leal-Sanjuan, J., Burgos-Hernández, M., González-Martínez, A. I., Uscanga-Mortera, E., Luna-Cavazos, M., Foxcroft, L., & Vibrans, H. (2026) · African Biodiversity & Conservation · doi:10.38201/abc.v56.2.a3 · Cited by 1
“Van Kleunen et al. (2015) showed that North America and Europe have accumulated the largest number of natural-ised species, with Asia and Europe as the main species donors.”
InfluentialThe Introduction of Chinese Plants into the United States: The 1898–1949 Period
Chen, S.-L., Hu, X.-H., Liu, J.-C., Wang, K., Wu, R.-W., Pi, B.-L., Wang, G.-Q., & Bao, Z.-Y. (2026) · Histories · doi:10.3390/histories6010020 · Cited by 1
Maccioni, A., Dessena, S., Morittu, S., Padedda, B., & Farris, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2025.1730419 · Cited by 1
“…globalization and human pressures that act both directly and indirectly (Thuiller et al., 2006; Rodr ı ́ guez-Labajos et al., 2009; Pys ̌ ek et al., 2010; van Kleunen et al., 2015; Giulio et al., 2020; Portela et al., 2022a, b), causing native biodiversity and habitat loss mostly in coastal areas…”
Bagnato, C. E., Moyano, J., González, S., Blackhall, M., Franzese, J., Freire, R., Nuñez, C., Ojeda, V., & Ghermandi, L. (2025) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f16121853 · Cited by 1
“The spread of invasive species is closely tied to human activity, as explained by the GloNAF project, which showed that humans have reshaped plant global distribution, mainly by moving species from the Northern Hemisphere to other regions [3].”
Trudgen, M. S., Scott, J., Lambers, H., & Webber, B. (2025) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103591 · Cited by 1
Fell, A., Bello, C., Duthie, A. B., Vargas, M., Skeffington, A., Saltonstall, K., & Dent, D. H. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72620 · Cited by 1
Accattatis, V., Milano, M., da Silva, R. D., Huber, P., Metz, S., Calado, A., Craveiro, S. C., Forastier, M., Piccini, C., Cardoso, L. D. S., et al. (2025) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-025-03709-y · Cited by 1
“Ultimately, datasets concerning species introductions over extended periods provide valuable insights into both historical and potential future patterns, supporting informed decision-making in conservation management (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Seebens et al. 2021).”
Li, H., Deng, Y., Geng, X., Song, X., Li, C., Tiribelli, F., Xu, J., Zhang, S., Daniels, L. D., Xu, J., et al. (2025) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.70190 · Cited by 1
Zhu, Y., Huang, M., Wang, Y., & Chen, L.-D. (2025) · Pedobiologia · doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2025.151075 · Cited by 1
The cumulative consequences of multispecies invasions and the great shuffle of biodiversity
Brock, K. C., & Bernard, J. (2025) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biaf152 · Cited by 1
“Using the Earth’s 337,000 vascular plants as one example, about 14,000 have been found outside of their native ranges, meaning at least 4% of Earth’s flora has been redistributed (van Kleunen et al.2015 ).”
Cao, J.-J., Wang, H.-W., Fu, J.-G., Wan, F.-H., Guo, J.-Y., & Wang, R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178128 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, populations exhibit distinct characteristics based on their establishment status (transient or self-sustaining) and spread performance (distribution range), enabling classification as casual, naturalized, invasive, and dispersal [18,19,21].”
Roscher, C. (2025) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.100.153209 · Cited by 1
Invasion legacy weakens the positive effect of plant genotype diversity on soil multifunctionality
Song, W., Cheng, C., Liu, Z., He, S., Xue, S., Xue, C., Zhang, J., Wu, L., Zhang, Q., Zhou, G., et al. (2025) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-025-07697-9 · Cited by 1
“Plant invasions are an important global change factor (Bard et al. 2024; Bray et al. 2017; Carboni et al. 2021; van Kleunen et al. 2015) that can directly disrupt relationships between plant diversity and productivity by outcompeting native plants (Wilsey et al. 2024).”
Galkina, M. A., Ivanovskii, A. A., Vasilyeva, N. V., Stogova, A., Zueva, M. A., Mamontov, A. K., Bochkov, D., Prokhorov, A. A., & Tkacheva, E. V. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98764-9 · Cited by 1
Kapuscinski, N., Nash, M., & Morgan, J. W. (2025) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-024-03517-w · Cited by 1
“Invasive species have led to changes in ecosystems at multiple scales across the globe (Mack et al. 2000; Catford et al. 2009; Ricciardi et al. 2013; Iseli et al. 2023) and are now ubiquitous in many ecosystems (Mack et al. 2000; van Kleunen et al. 2015).”
Even the losers: five-year distribution dynamics of alien plant species in South African savanna
Pyšek, P., Čuda, J., Foxcroft, L. C., Pyšková, K., & Hejda, M. (2024) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.96.131634 · Cited by 2
Self-citationThakur, B., Chetry, A., Sarania, B., & Devi, A. (2024) · Russian Journal of Biological Invasions · doi:10.1134/s2075111724700553 · Cited by 1
“As a result, it is acknowledged that continents located in the Northern Hemisphere are significant sources of non-native species (Van Kleunen et al., 2015).”
Alien flora of Mongolia: species richness, introduction dynamics and spatial patterns
Vanjil, G., Kortz, A., Lenzner, B., Chuluunbat, J., Chuluunbat, S., Magsar, U., Tsagaan, K., Erdenechuluun, M., Tsogtbayar, D., Bayarmagnai, D., et al. (2024) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-024-03309-2 · Cited by 1
“…the best-studied taxonomic groups (Pyšek et al. 2008); in the last decade, the knowledge of their distribution has dramatically improved globally (van Kleunen et al. 2015, 2019; Pyšek et al. 2017), including analyses of invasion dynamics (Seebens et al. 2017), but the lack of data from certain…”
Self-citationChen, D., & van Kleunen, M. (2024) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-024-06704-9 · Cited by 1
“For plants, already more than 13,000 species have become naturalized (van Kleunen et al. 2015), and this number is likely to continue to increase (Seebens et al. 2021).”
Agronomic non‐native species are overrepresented across habitat types in central Canada
Murillo, R. D. A., Pätsch, R., & Wagner, V. (2024) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14631 · Cited by 1
Are the anthropized Cerradão of the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone resistant to alien species invasion?
Verly, O. M., Olivo-Neto, A. M., Domiciano, C. A. R., Comini, I. B., Silva, S., Torres, C. M. M. E., Rufino, M. P. M. X., Sartori, L. D. O., & Medeiros, R. A. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Botânica · doi:10.1007/s40415-024-00992-2 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- van Kleunen, M., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Pergl, J., Winter, M., Weber, E., Kreft, H., Weigelt, P., Kartesz, J., Nishino, M., Antonova, L. A., Barcelona, J. F., Cabezas, F. J., Cárdenas, D., Cárdenas-Toro, J., Castaño, N., Chacón, E., Chatelain, C., Ebel, A. L., Figueiredo, E., Fuentes, N., Groom, Q. J., Henderson, L., Inderjit, Kupriyanov, A., Masciadri, S., Meerman, J., Morozova, O., Moser, D., Nickrent, D. L., Patzelt, A., Pelser, P. B., Baptiste, M. P., Poopath, M., Schulze, M., Seebens, H., Shu, W.-S., Thomas, J., Velayos, M., Wieringa, J. J., & Pyšek, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (DE)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- The Biota of North America Program (US)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Instituto Sinchi (CO)
- Jardin Botanique de Genève (CH)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- Meise Botanic Garden (BE)
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa (ZA)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Universidad de la República de Uruguay (UY)
- University of Belize (BZ)
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute (CO)
- Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation (TH)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- King Saud University (SA)
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- van Kleunen, Mark
- ORCID
- van Kleunen, Mark
- Dawson, Wayne
- Essl, Franz
- Pergl, Jan
- Winter, Marten
- Weber, Ewald
- Kreft, Holger
- Weigelt, Patrick
- Barcelona, Julie F.
- Cabezas, Francisco J.
- Chatelain, Cyrille
- Figueiredo, Estrela
- Fuentes, Nicol
- Groom, Quentin J.
- Kupriyanov, Andrey
- Moser, Dietmar
- Nickrent, Daniel L.
- Patzelt, Annette
- Pelser, Pieter B.
- Poopath, Manop
- Seebens, Hanno
- Shu, Wen-sheng
- Thomas, Jacob
- Velayos, Mauricio
- Wieringa, Jan J.
- Pyšek, Petr
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-08-19
- Volume
- 525
- Issue
- 7567
- Pages
- 100-103
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1803950400
- Cited by
- 1,095
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 87.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Klima- und Energiefonds
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG– FZT 118, KL 1866/9-1, RVO 67985939, FZT118)
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky (GB14-36079G, RVO 67,985,939, 67985939, 36079G)
- King Saud University
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Akademie Věd České Republiky (RVO [67985939], 67985939, 14‐36079G)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Gobierno de México
- Deutsches Zentrum für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG-FZT 118, FZT 118)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Keywords
- non-native plants, naturalized species, biological invasions, plant introduction, human-mediated dispersal, Anthropocene, vascular flora, island biogeography, North America, Pacific Islands, Northern Hemisphere, invasive species management
- MeSH terms
- North America, Pacific Islands, Plants, Databases, Factual, Biodiversity, Introduced Species, Phylogeography, Geographic Mapping
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