The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass
Open accessAbstract
Carbon stocks in vegetation have a key role in the climate system. However, the magnitude, patterns and uncertainties of carbon stocks and the effect of land use on the stocks remain poorly quantified. Here we show, using state-of-the-art datasets, that vegetation currently stores around 450 petagrams of carbon. In the hypothetical absence of land use, potential vegetation would store around 916 petagrams of carbon, under current climate conditions. This difference highlights the massive effect of land use on biomass stocks. Deforestation and other land-cover changes are responsible for 53-58% of the difference between current and potential biomass stocks. Land management effects (the biomass stock changes induced by land use within the same land cover) contribute 42-47%, but have been underestimated in the literature. Therefore, avoiding deforestation is necessary but not sufficient for mitigation of climate change. Our results imply that trade-offs exist between conserving carbon stocks on managed land and raising the contribution of biomass to raw material and energy supply for the mitigation of climate change. Efforts to raise biomass stocks are currently verifiable only in temperate forests, where their potential is limited. By contrast, large uncertainties hinder verification in the tropical forest, where the largest potential is located, pointing to challenges for the upcoming stocktaking exercises under the Paris agreement.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The biomass of the world ' s vegetation ( 25 ) has halved over human history”
From Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The total biomass of crops cultivated by humans is estimated at ≈10 Gt C, which accounts for only ≈2% of the extant total plant biomass (17).”
From The biomass distribution on Earth (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Combining data from independent sources such as these enables a robust assessment of the total plant biomass (17).”
From The biomass distribution on Earth (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The latter is estimated at 11.3 Mkm 2 in 2000 (9)”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Approximately 450 Gt of C is bound up in terrestrial biota, primarily in plants (86), while only ~6 Gt of C is found in ocean biota (87).”
From Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries (2023) · cites this paper as [86]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Land conversions (i.e., replacement of forests with cropland and pastures) and land management [i.e., harvesting of timber from managed forests or removal of herbaceous biomass through grazing (9)] almost equally cause these differences.”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Converted grassland holds biomass stocks that are less than 10% of the potential biomass stock (9).”
From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., et al. (2001) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 8,488
A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1201609 · Cited by 8,458
Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigling, A., Breshears, D. D., Hogg, E. H. (., et al. (2010) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001 · Cited by 7,763
Jansen, E. H., Overpeck, J. T., Briffa, K., Duplessy, J., Joos, F., Masson-Delmotte, Olago, D., Otto‐Bliesner, B. L., Peltier, W. R., Rahmstorf, S., et al. (2007) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 4,577
The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO 2
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097403 · Cited by 4,035
Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents
Saatchi, S. S., Harris, N. L., Brown, S., Lefsky, M. A., Mitchard, E. T. A., Salas, W., Zutta, B. R., Buermann, W., Lewis, S. L., Hagen, S. C., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019576108 · Cited by 2,504
The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild
Sanderson, E. W., Jaiteh, M., Levy, M. A., Redford, K. H., Wannebo, A., & Woolmer, G. (2002) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:thfatl]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 2,472
Canadell, J. G., Le Quéré, C., Raupach, M. R., Field, C. B., Buitenhuis, E. T., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Gillett, N. P., Houghton, R. A., & Marland, G. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702737104 · Cited by 2,136
Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992
Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (1999) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/1999gb900046 · Cited by 2,074
Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (2008) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2007gb002947 · Cited by 1,895 · cited 1×
“Information on cropland types 32 was used to identify permanent crops, other trees within cropland 33 are not included in the cropland layer, complying with FAO definitions 31 .”
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ajtay, G. L., Ketner, P. & Duvigneaud, P. in The Global Carbon Cycle, SCOPE Report 13 129–182 (John Wiley & Sons, 1979)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 726
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-386-ac3
(2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2021-383-ec1
(2022) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2022-5-rc2
(2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2022-11-rc1
A mid-20th century estimate of global vegetation carbon stocks based on inventory statisticsPreprint
Bhan, M., Meyfroidt, P., Matej, S., Erb, K.-H., & Gingrich, S. (2022) · EarthArXiv (California Digital Library) · doi:10.31223/x56055
Self-citation(2022) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2022-5-cc1
(2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2022-11-rc2
(2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2022-11-rc3
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The biomass distribution on Earth.
Thattai, M. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733266475.793546463
(2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2020-92-rc2
Bastos, A. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2020-92-ac1
Obermeier, W. A. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2020-93-ac1
(2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2020-92-rc1
(2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2020-93-rc3
(2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2020-93-rc1
Oliver, R. J. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2022-11-ac1
(2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2022-130-rc1
Magerl, A., Gingrich, S., Matej, S., Cunfer, G., Forrest, M., Lauk, C., Schlaffer, S., Weidinger, F., Yuskiw, C., & Erb, K. (2022) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10511935.1
Self-citationReply to: The risks of overstating the climate benefits of ecosystem restoration
Strassburg, B. B. N., Iribarrem, Á., Beyer, H. L., Cordeiro, C. L., Crouzeilles, R., Jakovac, C. C., Junqueira, A. B., Lacerda, E. R., Latawiec, A. E., Balmford, A. P., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04882-z
Self-citationDiscussion, Conclusions, and Policy Recommendations
Teske, S., Pregger, T., Niklas, S., Nagrath, K., Talwar, S., Chatterjee, S., Kiss, B., & Ürge-Vorsatz, D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99177-7_15
(2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2022-130-rc2
Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., et al. (2022) · doi:10.5194/essd-2022-328-rc3
Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., et al. (2022) · doi:10.5194/essd-2022-328-rc5
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2022-328-ac1
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2022-328-ac5
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2022-328-ac4
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2022-328-ac3
The Sizes of LifePreprint
Tekwa, E. W., Catalano, K. A., Bazzicalupo, A., O’Connor, M. I., & Pinsky, M. L. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-144241/v2
An Introduction to the Anthropocene and Education
Fazio, X. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14287-1_1 · Cited by 1
Hertog, S. J. D. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-253-ac1
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18775-9.16001-2
Yang, X. (2023) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2022-130-ac1
Yang, X. (2023) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2022-130-ac2
Hertog, S. J. D. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-253-ac2
Carbon Storage and Environmental Determinants in a Tropical Rainforest Landscape
Igu, N. I., Ezenwenyi, J. U., Ayogu, C. N., & Okolo, N. V. (2023) · Open Journal of Ecology · doi:10.4236/oje.2023.134014
Ekholm, T., Freistetter, N., Rautiainen, A., et al. (2023) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2023-146-rc1
Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., et al. (2023) · doi:10.5194/essd-2023-409-rc2
Ekholm, T., Freistetter, N.-C., Rautiainen, A., et al. (2023) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2023-146-rc2
History General Education in the Era of Convergence : Seeking Change by Climate History
Park, H. J. (2023) · The Korean Association of General Education · doi:10.46392/kjge.2023.17.5.11
Do Forestry Carbon Sinks Projects Affect Food Security? Evidence from ChinaPreprint
Hu, Y., Ren, Y., Glauben, T., You, L., & Zeng, W. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4631904
McNorton, J. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1984-ac2
McNorton, J. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1984-ac1
Chen, Z., Peng, K., Lv, X., Luo, G., Hu, Y., Li, D., Peng, B., & Ran, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4649498
Ekholm, T. (2023) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2023-146-ac1
Verma, A., Lanssens, B., Tölle, M. H., Jacquemin, I., Chaudhari, T., Hambuckers, A., & François, L. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4674758
Restauración de ecosistemas: ¿protegerlos del ser humano o aprovecharlos sustentablemente?
Ríos‐Saldaña, C. A., Alanís-Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez‐Martínez, L. M., & Maldonado-Pesina, E. (2024) · Herreriana · doi:10.29057/h.v6i1.11892
Toward planning more sustainable agroforestry systems in the face of climate change
Manrique, S. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95393-1.00026-9
Kahiu, M. N., Anchang, J. Y., Prihodko, L., Yu, Q., & Hanan, N. P. (2024) · Science of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.srs.2024.100124
Dichou, K., Nickmilder, C., Tedde, A., Franceschini, S., Brostaux, Y., Dufrasne, I., Lessire, F., Glesner, N., & Soyeurt, H. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14051923
Park, H. J. (2024) · The Korean Association of General Education · doi:10.46392/kjge.2024.18.1.37
Mining the Atmosphere: A Concrete Solution to Global WarmingPreprint
Lura, P., Lunati, I., Desing, H., Heuberger, M. P., Bach, C., & Richner, P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4769672
Wald und Forstwirtschaft im Klimawandel
Köhl, M., Gutsch, M., Lasch‐Born, P., Müller, M., Plugge, D., & Reyer, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66696-8_19
Kapitel 1. Ziele, Herangehensweise und Kontext
Formayer, H., Jandl, R., Bohner, A., Eitzinger, J., Erb, K., Haas, W., Matthews, B., Meyer, I., Spiegel, H., Tappeiner, U., et al. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67864-0_3 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWu, F., Jia, J., Li, C., Cao, Y., Zhao, J., Yan, X., & Cui, X. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4792602
Wu, F., Jia, J., Li, C., Cao, Y., Zhao, J., Yan, X., & Cui, X. (2024) · doi:10.22541/au.171319233.34076449/v1
Chang, L., Luo, H., Liu, H., Xu, W., Zhang, L., & Li, Y. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13050618
Wang, C., Tian, J., & Tian, Q. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4838694
Sakala, D., & Santos, M. J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4860038
Folgerungen für den Schutz der Biodiversität
Härdtle, W. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68236-4_7
Dunlap, J., & Schramski, J. R. (2024) · Biophysical Economics and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s41247-024-00120-4
Liang, M., Minor, D., Silva, J. A., Fatoyinbo, T., Thomas, N. M., van Goor, W., Riemer, K., Kigenyi, R., Cohen, R., Negussie, A., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4908729/v1
Paradigmenwechsel für die Werkstoffwahl
Ehrenberger, S., Saling, P. R., Otto, M., Engelmann, J., Frieske, B., & Stieler, S. (2024) · ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65269-5_8
Response to Anonymous Referee #1
Krause, J. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-1646-ac1
Friedlingstein, P. (2025) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2024-519-ac2
Wang, C., Liu, Y., Liu, H., Sun, X., Wang, E., Mao, X., Niu, Q., Liu, Z., Fan, Q., Fang, Z., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5124161
Dasgupta, P. S. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009494359.029
Climatic and socioeconomic constraints to global tree restoration potentialPreprint
Zhang, W., Brandt, M., Peñuelas, J., & Fensholt, R. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5245278/v1
Selection and Comparison of Satellite Data
Chen, J., Li, Z., Song, M., & Ying, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1249-9_2
Leggett, L. M. W., & Ball, D. A. (2025) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/hy35lk
Lv, Q., Yang, Z., Fu, Y., Wang, S., Li, M., Gao, B., Yang, J., Zhang, C., Hu, J., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Geography and sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100340
Research progress on nitrogen balance potentials in terrestrial ecosystems
Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Duan, X., Xia, L., Liu, J., Yan, X., & Cheng, X. (2025) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb-2025-0586
Law, B. E., & Moomaw, W. R. (2021) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aai.xdftx3xmx
Xu, X., Cao, Z., Guo, Y., Li, T., Jiao, L., Bai, Y., & Liu, C. (2025) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f16091454
Soimakallio, S., Koponen, K., Lehtoranta, S., Mosley, F., Niemi, J., Norros, V., Pihlainen, S., Saikku, L., Seppälä, J., & Sokka, L. I. (2025) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-025-02542-8
Hartweg, B., Schulz, L., Huth, A., Papathanassiou, K. P., & Lehnert, L. W. (2025) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2025.111339
Probing into Nexus Between Industrial Development and Dryland Degradation in the Global South
Vishaal, K., Teeli, A. A., Pham, H. T., & Bhat, S. A. (2025) · Disaster Resilience and Green Growth · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0389-6_29
Do forestry carbon sinks projects affect grain production? Evidence from China
Hu, Y., Ren, Y., Glauben, T., You, L., Lan, H., & Zeng, W. (2025) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-025-01590-0
Li, Z., Ni, W., Zhang, Z., & Guo, Z. (2025) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3616104
Arneth, A., Alexander, P. M., Fuchs, R., Shin, Y., Claudet, J., Marta Coll, M., Leadley, P., Rondinini, C., & Rounsevell, M. (2025) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101455 · Cited by 1
Agroecological aspects of bioenergy
Kashchak, N., Malysheva, K. V., Shtapenko, O. V., & Butsyak, V. I. (2025) · Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies · doi:10.32718/nvlvet-a10305
Qin, Z., Fang, J., Jiang, N., Hou, K., & Sha, Z. (2025) · Carbon Balance and Management · doi:10.1186/s13021-025-00373-6
Recent widespread forest expansion and densification in Southwest China
Ma, D., Yu, Y., Gong, M., Zhang, Z., & Kannenberg, S. A. (2025) · Geography and sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100404
Lindenmayer, D. B., Florance, D., Scheele, B. C., Bowd, E., Strong, C., Macintosh, A., & Evans, M. J. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342006
Enhanced biomass utilization efficiency reshapes spatiotemporal shifts of China's HANPP
Li, Y., Gao, J., Shi, Y., Wu, Y., Xu, H., Zhou, J., & Lu, T. (2026) · Resources Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.resenv.2026.100307
Zhang, X., Evans, J. P., & Fisher, A. G. (2026) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2026.105561
(2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-420-320261012
A Reappraisal of the Principle of Maximum Power
Gianinetti, A. (2026) · Ecologies · doi:10.3390/ecologies7010029
Yuan, Y., & Zhuang, Q. (2026) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2025gb008804
Metadata
- Authors
- Erb, K.-H., Kastner, T., Plutzar, C., Bais, A. L. S., Carvalhais, N., Fetzel, T., Gingrich, S., Haberl, H., Lauk, C., Niedertscheider, M., Pongratz, J., Thurner, M., & Luyssaert, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Klagenfurt (AT)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (DE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Erb, Karl-Heinz
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-12-20
- Volume
- 553
- Issue
- 7686
- Pages
- 73-76
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5756473
- OpenAlex
- W2780388729
- Cited by
- 727
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 31
- FWCI
- 32.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Space Agency
- European Commission (640176, H2020, 263522, UID/AMB/04085/2013)
- Vetenskapsrådet (621‐2014‐4266)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (640176)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Forest Management and Policy
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Forest ecology and management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- terrestrial carbon stocks, plant biomass, land use change, deforestation, forest management, grazing, carbon loss, climate change mitigation, biomass energy, tropical forests, temperate forests, carbon verification
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Husbandry, Carbon, Conservation of Natural Resources, Human Activities, Plants, Trees, Tropical Climate, Forestry, Biomass, Uncertainty, Internationality, Global Warming, Carbon Sequestration, Forests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
