With a free pass, CRISPR-edited plants reach market in record time
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False flax (C. sativa) exhibited enhanced omega-3 oil and was commercially released in the USA, showing record-breaking market space.
“The false flax (C. sativa) exhibited enhanced omega-3 oil and was commercially released in the USA, showingrecord-breaking market space (Waltz, 2018).”
From Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops (2025) · cites this paper as Waltz, 2018
Cites
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Nonbrowning GM apple cleared for market
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“The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has stated stated that CRISPR/Cas9 edited crops can be cultivated and sold free from regulatory monitoring (Waltz, 2018).”
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“In breeding programs, these improved plants can be proven useful and subsequent species can be employed reliably with less concerns and comparatively minor monitoring methods are needed in contrast to traditional genetically engineered plants [12].”
BackgroundEckerstorfer, M. F., Engelhard, M., Heissenberger, A., Simon, S., & Teichmann, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2019.00026 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Therefore, no regulatory oversight or risk assessment will be provided by USDA-APHIS for these applications (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundGenetically engineered crops for sustainably enhanced food production systems
Aziz, M. A., Brini, F., Rouached, H., & Masmoudi, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1027828 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“…through the deactivation of the S. viridis homolog of the corn ID1 gene (Jaganathan et al., 2018), camelina altered for improved oil content (Waltz, 2018), and soybean with modified Drb2a and Drb2b for drought tolerant, were not subjected to GMO regulatory measures (Cai et al., 2015; Kumar…”
BackgroundNew plant breeding technologies for food security
Zaidi, S. S., Vanderschuren, H., Qaim, M., Mahfouz, M. M., Kohli, A., Mansoor, S., & Tester, M. A. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav6316 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
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BackgroundEngineering disease resistant plants through CRISPR-Cas9 technology
Tyagi, S., Kumar, R., Kumar, V., Won, S. Y., & Shukla, P. (2020) · GM crops & food · doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1831729 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
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“In the United States CRISPR-mutated crops are already evaluated on product-based legislation and do not fall under GMO regulations (Waltz, 2018), whereas the situation in Europe is more difficult because it relies on a process-based legislation (Sprink et al., 2016).”
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“, mushrooms and false flax), these products are not available on the market yet (Waltz 2018).”
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“Crop varieties created using CRISPR/Cas9 technology can now be marketed in the USA without extensive regulatory monitoring [31].”
BackgroundEckerstorfer, M. F., Dolezel, M., Heissenberger, A., Miklau, M., Reichenbecher, W., Steinbrecher, R. A., & Waßmann, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2019.00031 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“However, at present the experience with such assessments is quite limited (Wolt, 2017), partly due to the decisions of a number of countries not to regulate some nGM plants (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundGMOs or non-GMOs? The CRISPR Conundrum
Ahmad, A., Jamil, A., & Munawar, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1232938 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Camelina sativa (false fl ax) was also modi fi ed with improved omega-3 oil content (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundGreen Revolution to Gene Revolution: Technological Advances in Agriculture to Feed the World
Hamdan, M. F., Noor, S. N. M., Abd-Aziz, N., Pua, T., & Tan, B. C. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11101297 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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“2 (Waltz, 2018).”
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“Through genome editing,C. sativa lines have been produced with increased oleic acid (Jiang et al., 2017;Morineau et al., 2017), decreased very long chain fatty acids (Ozseyhan et al., 2018), and increased oil content (YIELD10; Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundTargeted plant improvement through genome editing: from laboratory to field
Miladinović, D., Antunes, M. D. C., Yıldırım, K., Bakhsh, A., Cvejić, S., Kondić‐Špika, A., Marjanović‐Jeromela, A., Opsahl-Sorteberg, H.-G., Zambounis, A. G., & Hilioti, Z. (2021) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-020-02655-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…is expected 1 3 to hit the market is waxy corn, a variety with edited deletion of the endogenous waxy gene Wx1, which encodes the endosperm’s granule-bound starch synthase responsible for making amylose, that resulted in elevated content of amylopectin and reduced levels of amylose (Waltz 2018).”
BackgroundSmart breeding approaches in post-genomics era for developing climate-resilient food crops
Naqvi, R. Z., Siddiqui, H. A., Mahmood, M. A., Najeebullah, S., Ehsan, A., Azhar, M., Farooq, M. A., Amin, I. U., Asad, S., Mukhtar, Z., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.972164 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Browning-resistant mushrooms (Waltz, 2016b), high-amylopectin waxy corn (Zea mays) (Waltz, 2016a), and false flax (Camelina sativa) with enhanced omega3 oil (Waltz, 2018) are recent examples of such products which were created utilizing CRISPR and authorized by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in quick time.”
BackgroundA New Zealand Perspective on the Application and Regulation of Gene Editing
Fritsche, S., Poovaiah, C. R., MacRae, E., & Thorlby, G. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01323 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Recent decisions in USA (Waltz, 2018) and the UK (Rogowsky and Wilhelm, 2018) indicate that crops produced using gene editing-based targeted mutagenesis will be able to go to market without going through a time-consuming and burdensome regulatory process required for GMO crops.”
BackgroundInfluentialCRISPR-Cas: A robust technology for enhancing consumer-preferred commercial traits in crops
Verma, V., Kumar, A., Partap, M., Thakur, M., & Bhargava, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1122940 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Alternative Strategies for Multi-Stress Tolerance and Yield Improvement in Millets
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Highly efficient and genotype-independent barley gene editing based on anther culture
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“With regard to the regulation and commercialization of CRISPR-edited products, the US Department of Agriculture and the Australian Office of the Gene Technology Regulator have determined that edited crops without foreign DNA are exempt from regulation as genetically modified organisms (Waltz, 2018; Mallapaty, 2019).”
BackgroundGenome Editing Targets for Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency and Nutrient Stress Adaptation
Sathee, L., Jagadhesan, B., Pandesha, P. H., Barman, D., Adavi, S. B., Nagar, S., Krishna, G. K., Tripathi, S., Jha, S. K., & Chinnusamy, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.900897 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“CRISPR edited mushrooms (Kim and Kim, 2016), false flax with increased oil content, and a droughttolerant soybean (Waltz, 2018) were able to clear government regulation to reach the market, indicating the potential of CRISPR-edited crops in revolutionizing crop improvement.”
BackgroundPublic perception of plant gene technologies worldwide in the light of food security
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“A few CRISPR-edited plants have recently been introduced into this regulatory pipeline including corn, soybeans, mushrooms and camelina [156, 157].”
BackgroundCamelina sativa, an oilseed at the nexus between model system and commercial crop
Malik, M. R., Tang, J., Sharma, N., Burkitt, C., Ji, Y., Mykytyshyn, M., Bohmert-Tatarev, K., Peoples, O. P., & Snell, K. D. (2018) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-018-2308-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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“In 2016, the US FDA approved the CRISPR gene editing of a waxy corn null segregant line and an anti-browning mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) for the market, without applying the strict regulatory process required for GM crops [10,11].”
BackgroundCRISPR-based metabolic editing: Next-generation metabolic engineering in plants
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“In March 2018, the US Department of Agriculture excluded genome-edited plants from regulatory oversight (Waltz 2018).”
BackgroundNext-Generation Sequencing and CRISPR/Cas13 Editing in Viroid Research and Molecular Diagnostics
Hadidi, A. (2019) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v11020120 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Has retinal gene therapy come of age? From bench to bedside and back to bench
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“Many empirical studies have focused on developing effective strategies for increasing the concentration of these metabolites in plants without using breeding or gene manipulation (Kim et al. 2011; Waltz 2018; Wang et al. 2019).”
BackgroundKaur, B., Bhatia, D., & Mavi, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12041-021-01300-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Resistance against Viruses in Plants
Khan, Z. A., Kumar, R., & Dasgupta, I. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042303 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“…editing technology, genomics and bioinformatics, and high-throughput gene sequencing, as well as more effective regulatory and intellectual property rights systems that reduce the lag times from discovery to deployment of new varieties (Waltz, 2018; Pourkheirandish et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAli, Q., Yu, C., Hussain, A., Ali, M., Ahmar, S., Sohail, M. A., Riaz, M., Ashraf, M. F., Abdalmegeed, D., Wang, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.860281 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…CRISPR-modified crops have been evaluated via product-based legislation and are not covered by genetically modified organism principles (Waltz, 2018), the current situation in Europe tends be more complex, in that regulation in European countries is dependent on process-based…”
BackgroundMolecular genetic approaches for enhancing stress tolerance and fruit quality of tomato
Wai, A. H., Naing, A. H., Lee, D., Kim, C. K., & Chung, M.-Y. (2020) · Plant Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11816-020-00638-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Although transgene-free CRISPR-edited plant products are allowed to be marketed in the US (Kim and Kim 2016; Waltz 2016, 2018), other countries, such as those in Europe, still consider these products as conventional GM crops based on the procedures applied in the genome editing technologies…”
BackgroundEmerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops
Chavhan, R. L., Jaybhaye, S. G., Hinge, V. R., Deshmukh, A. S., Shaikh, U. S., Jadhav, P. K., Kadam, U. S., & Hong, J. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2025.1524767 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The false fl ax (C. sativa) exhibited enhanced omega-3 oil and was commercially released in the USA, showingrecord-breaking market space (Waltz, 2018).”
Progress and Challenges in the Improvement of Ornamental Plants by Genome Editing
Ahn, C. H., Ramya, M., An, H. R., Park, P. M., Kim, Y.-J., Lee, S. Y., & Jang, S. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9060687 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Until now, however, it is not clear whether other countries will give the same pass to the genome-edited crops/end products, since each country has different GMO policies.”
BackgroundInfluentialA status-quo review on CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing applications in tomato
Chandrasekaran, M., Boopathi, T., & Manivannan, P. (2021) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.169 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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“…is worth remarking that, despite the groundbreaking application of CRISPR in molecular plant breeding, only a few CRISPR-based crops have been approved for commercialization, such as soybean (Waltz, 2018), canola (Waltz, 2018), maize (Waltz, 2016), tomato (Waltz, 2022), and camelina (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundDelivery of CRISPR/Cas Components into Higher Plant Cells for Genome Editing
Кулуев, Б. Р., Гумерова, Г. Р., Mikhaylova, E. V., Геращенков, Г. А., Rozhnova, N. A., Vershinina, Z. R., Khyazev, A. V., Matniyazov, R. T., Baymiev, A. K., Baymiev, A. K., et al. (2019) · Russian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1134/s102144371905011x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sharma, S. K., Gupta, O. P., Pathaw, N., Sharma, D., Maibam, A., Sharma, P., Sanasam, J., Karkute, S. G., Kumar, S., & Bhattacharjee, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.751512 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
How do consumers respond to labels for crispr (gene-editing)?
Hu, Y., House, L., & Gao, Z. (2022) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102366 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Palanivel, H., Abda, E. M., Shah, S., Prabhu, S. V., Jayakumar, M., Karmegam, N., Kim, W., & Govarthanan, M. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117382 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Genome-editing technologies: the gap between application and policy
Li, G., Liu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-019-1566-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The USA and Japan have adopted registration and recording systems that allow transgene-free GECs to be commercially cultivated and sold free from regulation (Waltz, 2018; https://r.nikkei.com/article/ DGXMZO49807430T10C19A9000000?s=4).”
BackgroundEpigenetic Footprints of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Plants
Lee, J. H., Mazarei, M., Pfotenhauer, A. C., Dorrough, A. B., Poindexter, M. R., Hewezi, T., Lenaghan, S. C., Graham, D. E., & Stewart, C. N. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01720 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin Edited by: Nicola Joan Patron, Earlham Institute, United Kingdom Reviewed by: Holger Puchta, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany Kan Wang, Iowa State University, United States *Correspondence: C. Neal Stewart Jr. nealstewart@utk.edu Specialty section: This arti…”
BackgroundInfluentialGene Editing Technologies for Sugarcane Improvement: Opportunities and Limitations
Mohan, C., Easterling, M., & Yau, Y. (2021) · Sugar Tech · doi:10.1007/s12355-021-01045-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
CRISPR/Cas9‐Based Genome Editing and its Applications for Functional Genomic Analyses in Plants
Li, J., Li, Y., & Ma, L. (2019) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.201800473 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Principles of Nanoparticle Design for Genome Editing in Plants
Sharma, P., & Lew, T. T. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2022.846624 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“, 2019), the rulings by United States and Japan to relax the regulations for genome-edited crops signaled a positive atmosphere which could lead to less restrictive regulatory purviews worldwide (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundKim, C., Park, J. Y., Choi, G., Kim, S., Vo, K. T. X., Jeon, J., Kang, S., & Lee, Y. (2021) · Molecular Plant Pathology · doi:10.1111/mpp.13167 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…against diverse pathogens and pests but also expedite targeted modifications of specific genes to enhance resistance against a wide range of pathogens without triggering the regulatory processes associated with releasing genetically modified crops (Kanchiswamy et al., 2015; Waltz, 2016, 2018).”
BackgroundShow me the benefits! Determinants of behavioral intentions towards CRISPR in the United States
Baum, C., Kamrath, C., Bröring, S., & de Steur, H. (2023) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104842 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Latest biotechnology tools and targets for improving abiotic stress tolerance in protein legumes
Détain, A., Bhowmik, P., Leborgne‐Castel, N., & Ochatt, S. (2022) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2022.104824 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Choudry, M. W., Riaz, R., Nawaz, P., Ashraf, M., Ijaz, B., & Bakhsh, A. (2024) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-024-01405-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Though, some of the promising genome-edited crop lines using the CRISPR toolset are in the commercialization process such as drought and salt-tolerant soybeans developed by disrupting the Drb2a and Drb2b genes using CRISPR have been approved by USDA (Waltz 2018).”
Resolving Neurodevelopmental and Vision Disorders Using Organoid Single-Cell Multi-omics
Brancati, G., Treutlein, B., & Camp, J. G. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
CRISPR/Cas-mediated germplasm improvement and new strategies for crop protection
Dong, G., & Fan, Z. (2024) · Crop Health · doi:10.1007/s44297-023-00020-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This encompasses edited variants like bristlegrass, mushroom, canola oil from herbicide-tolerant Canola plant, starch from waxy maize, and high oleic acid soybean oil from Calyno soybean [133, 134].”
Strategies for Engineering Reproductive Sterility in Plantation Forests
Fritsche, S., Klocko, A. L., Boron, A. K., Brunner, A. M., & Thorlby, G. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01671 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
ROLE OF CRISPR TO IMPROVE ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN CROP PLANTS
Farooq, M., Bashir, M., Khan, M., Iqbal, B., & Ali, Q. (2021) · Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v2021i1.69 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“When opposed to traditional genetically modified plants, such improved plants can also be used in development programs, as well as the resulting plants can be used immediately with fewer acceptability or consumption problems and fewer regulatory procedures (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundCRISPR-Cas9 in agriculture: Approaches, applications, future perspectives, and associated challenges
Adhikari, P., & Poudel, M. (2020) · Malaysian Journal of Halal Research · doi:10.2478/mjhr-2020-0002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“These improved crops can be used in breeding programs and resulting varieties can be used directly with relatively lesser consumption issues and lesser regulatory procedures as compared to transgenic crops/ conventional genetically modified (GM) crops[12].”
BackgroundGenome Editing: Revolutionizing the Crop Improvement
Saurabh, S. (2021) · Plant Molecular Biology Reporter · doi:10.1007/s11105-021-01286-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…oleic soybean variety, and the CRISPR-edited anti-browning button mushroom, waxy corn, green bristlegrass with delayed flowering, false flax with increased omega-3 oil content, and drought- and salt-tolerant soybean has reach market will also not be subject to regulatory evaluation (Waltz 2018).”
BackgroundCRISPR/Cas9-Edited Rice: A New Frontier for Sustainable Agriculture
Mehta, S., Lal, S. K., Sahu, K. P., Venkatapuram, A. K., Kumar, M., Sheri, V., Panditi, V., Vishwakarma, C., Yadav, R., Jameel, M. R., et al. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1322-0_23 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pathway Editing Targets for Thiamine Biofortification in Rice Grains
Minhas, A. P., Tuli, R., & Puri, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00975 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Two CRISPR-Cas9 edited plants (white button mushroom resistant to browning and Camelina sativa with enhanced omega-3 oil content) have been de-regulated in the US market (Waltz, 2016, 2018).”
BackgroundCRISPR activation: identifying and using novel genes for plant disease resistance breeding
McLaughlin, J. E., Foka, I. C. K., Lawton, M. A., & Di, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2025.1596600 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kikulwe, E., & Asindu, M. (2020) · GM crops & food · doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1720498 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Menary, J., Hobbs, M., de Albuquerque, S. M., Pacho, A., Drake, P. M. W., Prendiville, A., K‐C., J., & Fuller, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229952 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In the United States and other countries in the Americas, crops bred with NPBTs have found relatively quick routes to market where regulation is no stricter than for conventionally-bred crops [43].”
Liu, Y., Wang, W., Yang, B., Currey, C. J., & Fei, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.572193 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Germplasm generated through CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing method without foreign DNAs may bypass or simplify the regulatory process required for crops created with traditional transgenic approaches (Waltz, 2018).”
BackgroundGlobal role of plant breeding in tackling climate change
Begna, T. C. (2017) · International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology · doi:10.17352/2455-815x.000111 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Waltz, E.
- Corresponding author
- Waltz, Emily
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-7
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- OpenAlex
- W2783502825
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 1
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Transgenic Plants and Applications
- Keywords
- CRISPR gene editing, regulatory approval, commercialization, medicinal plants, plant biotechnology regulation
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, Genome, Plant, Camellia, Plants, Genetically Modified, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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