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Nrf2 suppresses macrophage inflammatory response by blocking proinflammatory cytokine transcription
Open accessAbstract
Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor-2) transcription factor regulates oxidative/xenobiotic stress response and also represses inflammation. However, the mechanisms how Nrf2 alleviates inflammation are still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Nrf2 interferes with lipopolysaccharide-induced transcriptional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1β. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq and ChIP-qPCR analyses revealed that Nrf2 binds to the proximity of these genes in macrophages and inhibits RNA Pol II recruitment. Further, we found that Nrf2-mediated inhibition is independent of the Nrf2-binding motif and reactive oxygen species level. Murine inflammatory models further demonstrated that Nrf2 interferes with IL6 induction and inflammatory phenotypes in vivo . Thus, contrary to the widely accepted view that Nrf2 suppresses inflammation through redox control, we demonstrate here that Nrf2 opposes transcriptional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine genes. This study identifies Nrf2 as the upstream regulator of cytokine production and establishes a molecular basis for an Nrf2-mediated anti-inflammation approach.
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“suggesting that Nrf2’s role in inflammation is not limited to just oxidative stress control [198].”
From Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [198]
In the citing paper
“Nrf2 has also been found to block the transcriptional upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in an ARE-independent manner through direct binding to the proximity of pro-inflammatory genes to inhibit RNA polymerase II recruitment”
From Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [198]
In the citing paper
“the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in M1 macrophages is inhibited by Nrf2-ARE binding [198]”
From Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [198]
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“it also appears to play a major role in embryo implantation in the womb, a process thought to require immunosuppression70–72.”
From Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer (2018) · cites this paper as [72]
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Barreca, M., Qin, Y., Cadot, M. E. H., Barraja, P., & Bach, A. (2023) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103800 · Cited by 42
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“Furthermore, besides its anti-oxidant activity, transcriptional factor Nrf2 exhibited anti-inflammatory effect by directly regulating mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokine genes [34].”
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“Moreover, Nrf2 has been shown to act not only by inducing antioxidant target genes, but also to directly bind in the proximity of pro-inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and IL-1β, inhibiting recruitment of RNA polymerase II [115,140].”
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“Previous studies have provided evidence that Nrf2/Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant pathway and that the transcription factor Nrf2 suppresses oxidative stress and induces anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages [13].”
BackgroundThe multifaceted role of NRF2 in cancer progression and cancer stem cells maintenance
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“In addition to the thoroughly analyzed antioxidant function of NRF2, this protein has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory functions [7,8], as well as regulating the metabolism and mitochondrial activity [9–12].”
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“Alternatively, heme-mediated activation of the oxidantsensor Nrf2 transcription factor is known to activate various anti-inflammatory genes and inhibit some pro-inflammatory genes [24].”
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How could we forget immunometabolism in SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19?
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“Therefore, upregulation of Nrf2 expression can increase the antioxidant capacity of cells through eliminating excess free radicals and reduce inflammation levels (Kobayashi et al., 2016).”
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“Additionally, Nrf2 was described as an important regulator of the inflammatory response (18) and functions as a transcriptional repressor of inflammatory genes in murine macrophages (19).”
BackgroundDalzon, B., Torres, A., Reymond, S., Gallet, B., Saint-Antonin, F., Collin‐Faure, V., Moriscot, C., Fenel, D., Schoehn, G., Aude‐Garcia, C., et al. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10020266 · Cited by 38
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Loss of SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Alters NRF2 Signaling in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
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“This finding can be associated with NRF2 activation, since NRF2 and p65 may antagonize each other [91,92].”
BackgroundAstaxanthin Protects Dendritic Cells from Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immune Dysfunction
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“It has been reported that activation of Nrf2 prevents LPS-induced transcriptional upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1β [50].”
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“A growing body of evidence suggests that Nrf2, as the upstream regulator of cytokine production, opposes transcriptional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine genes and establishes a molecular basis for an Nrf2-mediated anti-inflammatory approach (36).”
BackgroundRoles of NRF2 in Fibrotic Diseases: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Approaches
Hao, W., Li, M., Cai, Q., Wu, S., Li, X., He, Q., & Hu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.889792 · Cited by 38
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“Several reports have demonstrated a crucial role of NRF2 in tuning the balance of M1/M2 macrophages, thus identifying NRF2 as a molecular target to control macrophage inflammatory response [68,69].”
BackgroundMetabolic regulation of type I interferon production
O’Carroll, S. M., Henkel, F. D. R., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2024) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13318 · Cited by 37
“75,76 NRF2 negatively regulates Ifnb1 .”
Ivanciuc, T., Sbrana, E., Casola, A., & Garofalo, R. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00854 · Cited by 37
“Nrf2 has been shown to bind to the proximity of cytokine genes (including IL-6 and IL-1β) in macrophages and to inhibit RNA Pol II recruitment, a process independent of the Nrf2-binding to motif and ROS levels (45).”
Mylka, V., Deckers, J., Ratman, D., Cauwer, L. D., Thommis, J., Rycke, R. M. D., Impens, F., Libert, C., Tavernier, J. H., Berghe, W. V., et al. (2018) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1495681 · Cited by 35
“Our data also complement a recent study showing that the upstream regulator NFE2L2 itself can repress Il6 and Il1b genes by direct binding to their promoters [42].”
ResultEffects of high-fat diet and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor deletion on colon carcinogenesis
Garcia-Vilarato, E., DeLuca, J. A. A., Callaway, E. S., Allred, K. F., Davidson, L. A., Hensel, M. E., Menon, R., Ivanov, I. V., Safe, S. H., Jayaraman, A., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00268.2019 · Cited by 37
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“Based on previous reports describing that NRF2 has potent anti-inflammatory activity [22,35], we hypothesized that NRF2 activation exerts its antiaging function by suppressing the smoldering inflammation of salivary glands.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIsomeric O-methyl cannabidiolquinones with dual BACH1/NRF2 activity
Casares, L., Unciti-Broceta, J. D., Prados, M. E., Caprioglio, D., Mattoteia, D., Higgins, M., Appendino, G., Dinkova‐Kostova, A. T., Muñóz, E., & de la Vega, L. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101689 · Cited by 37
“69 Stabilization of NRF2 triggers the transcription of multiple enzymes involved in scavenging 70 ROS and in generating antioxidant molecules like glutathione [27] [28] while leading to a 71 reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 [29] [30].”
Redox Homeostasis in Muscular Dystrophies
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“It is important to note that Nrf2 binds DNA in proximity of the genes encoding IL-1β and IL-18 to modulate their transcription [30], thereby supporting its direct inhibitory effect on NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome priming.”
BackgroundOxidative Stress and Cancer Heterogeneity Orchestrate NRF2 Roles Relevant for Therapy Response
Gall‐Tros̆elj, K., Tomljanović, M., Jaganjac, M., Glavan, T. M., Gašparović, A. Č., Milković, L., Šunjić, S. B., Buttari, B., Profumo, E., Saha, S., et al. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27051468 · Cited by 38
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The Role of the NRF2 Pathway in Maintaining and Improving Cognitive Function
Gray, N. E., Farina, M., Tucci, P., & Saso, L. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10082043 · Cited by 36
“Moreover, NRF2 has been implicated in reducing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and IL1β through a binding site nearby the promoter that prevents the recruitment of RNA Polymerase II [27].”
BackgroundJia, P., Wang, J., Ren, X., He, J., Wang, S., Xing, Y., Chen, D., Zhang, X., Zhou, S., Liu, X., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x221135419 · Cited by 36
Han, H., Randhawa, I. A. S., MacHugh, D. E., McGivney, B. A., Katz, L. M., Dugarjaviin, M., & Hill, E. W. (2023) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-023-09116-8 · Cited by 36
“The NQO1 is a representative target of the nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2) transcription factor, which causes suppression of the macrophage inflammatory response [30]; inflammatory damage to the lamellae is one of the biological processes known to cause laminitis [31].”
BackgroundTeng, Y., Xu, L., Li, W., Liu, P., Tian, L., & Liu, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224443 · Cited by 38
NRF2 in neurodegenerative diseases
Cuadrado, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2016.09.004 · Cited by 36
Lipoic Acid and Other Antioxidants as Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis
Waslo, C. S., BOURDETTE, D. N., Gray, N. E., Wright, K. M., & Spain, R. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0566-1 · Cited by 38
Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Li, X., Yang, A., Li, Z., & Wang, D. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102456 · Cited by 36
“Meanwhile, Nrf2 can interfere with the production of interleukins [70], and can directly inhibit the expression of NF-κB [71].”
BackgroundReverte, M., Eren, R. O., Jha, B., Desponds, C., Snäkä, T., Prével, F., Isorce, N., Lye, L., Owens, K. L., Lopes, U. G., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009422 · Cited by 36
Yassin, N. Y. S., AbouZid, S. F., El-Kalaawy, A. M., Ali, T. M., Elesawy, B. H., & Ahmed, O. M. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/7665169 · Cited by 36
Vallelian, F., Buzzi, R. M., Pfefferlé, M., Yalamanoglu, A., Dubach, I. L., Wassmer, A., Gentinetta, T., Hansen, K., Humar, R., Schulthess, N., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-00932-1 · Cited by 33
Lekshmi, V. S., Asha, K., Sanicas, M., Asi, A. D., Arya, U. M., & Kumar, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1158133 · Cited by 35
“These compounds were identified as Nrf2 activators that can inhibit the NF-κB pathway promoting resolution of inflammation, inhibiting viral replication, and thereby facilitating cytoprotection and tissue repair (Kobayashi et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBisaccia, P., Magarotto, F., D’Agostino, S., Dedja, A., Barbon, S., Guidolin, D., Liboni, C., Angioni, R., Lazzari, G. D., Caicci, F., et al. (2023) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1093/stcltm/szad070 · Cited by 36
“25 It is known that the expression of Nrf2 , a transcription factor of antioxidant genes and a repressor of inflammation, 56 is present at low levels in myofibroblasts.”
Wang, Q., Liu, T., Koci, M. D., Wang, Y., Fu, Y., Ma, M., Ma, Q., & Zhao, L. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12122027 · Cited by 35
NRF2 in age-related musculoskeletal diseases: Role and treatment prospects
Zhang, X., Li, H., Chen, L., Wu, Y., & Li, Y. (2023) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101180 · Cited by 38
“33”
Wang, F., Yuan, H., Shen, J., Li, Z., Li, J., Luo, P., Zhang, Q., Huang, W., Wang, X., Ma, J., et al. (2024) · ACS Materials Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c01627 · Cited by 36
Li, F., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Fang, Q., Xu, Y., & Wang, H. (2024) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2024.07.010 · Cited by 35
Role of the transcription factor NRF2 in maintaining the integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Cazalla, E., Cuadrado, A., & García‐Yagüe, Á. J. (2024) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-024-00599-5 · Cited by 36
“This mechanism is independent of NRF2’s typical binding to the ARE enhancer [74].”
InfluentialWen, P., Sun, Z., Yang, D., Li, J., Li, Z., Zhao, M., Wang, D., Gou, F., Wang, J., Dai, Y., et al. (2025) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-025-07390-w · Cited by 38
The Regulatory Network of Transcription Factors in Macrophage Polarization
Liu, J., Wang, M., & Zhao, Y. X. (2025) · ImmunoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/itt.s494550 · Cited by 38
Ma, T., Zheng, Z., Guo, H., Lian, X., Rane, M. J., Cai, L., Kim, K. S., Kim, K., Zhang, Z., & Bi, L. (2019) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.007 · Cited by 35
Linghu, K., Qiu, S., Zhao, G. D., Xiong, W., Lin, L., Zhang, Q., Bian, Z., Wang, Y., & Yu, H. (2019) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172854 · Cited by 35
Wang, D., Zhang, M., Wang, T., Liu, T., Guo, Y., & Granato, D. (2020) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111576 · Cited by 35
The role of Nrf2 in acute and chronic muscle injury
Bronisz-Budzyńska, I., Kozakowska, M., Podkalicka, P., Kachamakova‐Trojanowska, N., Łoboda, A., & Dulak, J. (2020) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-020-00255-0 · Cited by 33
ALTAMIMI, J. Z., AlFaris, N. A., Alshammari, G. M., Alagal, R. I., ALJABRYN, D. H., Aldera, H., Alrfaei, B. M., Alkhateeb, M. A., & Yahya, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104397 · Cited by 34
Zhang, X., Zhao, N., Guo, F., Wang, Y., Liu, S.-X., & Zeng, T. (2021) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112760 · Cited by 35
Gao, Y., Hu, M., Niu, X., Li, M., Xu, L., Xiao, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Li, L., Chu, B., et al. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/8652741 · Cited by 35
“M0027; IL-6, cat. no.”
InfluentialSalman, S., Guermonprez, C., Peno‐Mazzarino, L., Lati, E., Rousseaud, A., Declercq, L., & Kerdine‐Römer, S. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12030766 · Cited by 39
“Recently, it has been described that Nrf2 can also directly inhibit the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes such as IL-6 and IL-1β through direct DNA binding close to these genes, independently from ARE, contrary to the widely accepted view that Nrf2 inhibits inflammation through redox control [22].”
BackgroundWakamori, S., Taguchi, K., Nakayama, Y., Ohkoshi, A., Sporn, M. B., Ogawa, T., Katori, Y., & Yamamoto, M. P. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.239 · Cited by 34
Self-citationXu, Y., Ding, X., Wang, Y., Li, D., Xie, L., Liang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Fu, A., & Zhan, X. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11091662 · Cited by 34
“Previous research pointed out that transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) not only mediated the oxidative stress response by regulating the expression of antioxidative enzymes but also attenuated the proinflammatory response via inhibiting the transcription of IL-6 and IL-1β [46,47].”
BackgroundOxidative Stress Linking Obesity and Cancer: Is Obesity a ‘Radical Trigger’ to Cancer?
Jovanović, M., Kovačević, S., Brkljačić, J. M., & Djordjevic, A. D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098452 · Cited by 39
“In normal cells, Nrf2 will activate to amortize the inflammation ROS by negative regulation of IL - 6 and induction of PPARγ [ 103 ].”
BackgroundThe pathogenic role of intestinal flora metabolites in diabetic nephropathy
Tian, E., Wang, F., Zhao, L., Sun, Y., & Yang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1231621 · Cited by 35
“The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a key role in cellular defence against oxidative stress (Kobayashi et al., 2016).”
BackgroundZaid, A. K. M. A., & Ariel, A. (2024) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2024.115204 · Cited by 35
Soni, P., Kaidery, N. A., Sharma, S. M., Gazaryan, I. G., Nikulin, S. V., Hushpulian, D. M., & Thomas, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1390798 · Cited by 36
Wang, H., Zhu, J., Liu, Z., Lv, H., Lv, P., Chen, F., Fu, J., Hou, Y., Zhao, R., Xu, Y., et al. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.022 · Cited by 34
“Like NFE2L1, NFE2L2 was demonstrated to interfere with LPS-induced transcriptional upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including Il6 and Il1β [34].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInterleukin-17D and Nrf2 mediate initial innate immune cell recruitment and restrict MCMV infection
Seelige, R., Saddawi‐Konefka, R., Adams, N. M., Picarda, G. G. A., Sun, J. C.-Y., Benedict, C. A., & Bui, J. D. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32011-2 · Cited by 34
Molecular mechanisms and systemic targeting of NRF2 dysregulation in cancer
Kang, J.-S., Nam, L. B., Yoo, O.-K., & Keum, Y. (2020) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114002 · Cited by 35
Sabzevary‐Ghahfarokhi, M., Soltani, A., Luzza, F., Larussa, T., Rahimian, G., Shirzad, H., & Bagheri, N. (2020) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-020-05753-4 · Cited by 34
Role of NRF2 and Sirtuin activators in COVID-19
Khan, H., Patel, S., & Majumdar, A. S. (2021) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2021.108879 · Cited by 34
Zeng, J., Liao, S., Liang, Z., Li, C., Luo, Y., Wang, K., Zhang, D., Lan, L., Hu, S., Li, W., et al. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01190-8 · Cited by 35
“The activation of Nrf2 not only alleviates the inflammatory response of COPD by inducing HO-1 but also prevents elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators, including IL-6 [38].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Kobayashi, E. H., Suzuki, T., Funayama, R., Nagashima, T., Hayashi, M., Sekine, H., Tanaka, N., Moriguchi, T., Motohashi, H., Nakayama, K., & Yamamoto, M.
- Affiliations
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Miyagi Prefectural Hospital Organization (JP)
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kobayashi, Eri H.
- Yamamoto, Masayuki
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2016-05-23
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11624-11624
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4879264
- OpenAlex
- W2400239628
- Cited by
- 1,878
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 188 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 245 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 243 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 51.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- The Japanese Biochemical Society
- Funders
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (CREST)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (23116002, 22118002, 24249015, CREST)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15K14414, 15H04692, 16H05147, 26111002, 24249015, 25840001, CREST, 15K08257, 16K15228)
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- Nrf2, macrophages, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, IL-1β, transcriptional repression, RNA polymerase II recruitment, lipopolysaccharide, anti-inflammatory mechanism, oxidative stress response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Inflammation, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred ICR, RNA Polymerase II, Cytokines, Mice, Knockout, Oxidative Stress, NF-E2-Related Factor 2
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