Full randomness from arbitrarily deterministic events
Open accessAbstract
Do completely unpredictable events exist? Classical physics excludes fundamental randomness. Although quantum theory makes probabilistic predictions, this does not imply that nature is random, as randomness should be certified without relying on the complete structure of the theory being used. Bell tests approach the question from this perspective. However, they require prior perfect randomness, falling into a circular reasoning. A Bell test that generates perfect random bits from bits possessing high-but less than perfect-randomness has recently been obtained. Yet, the main question remained open: does any initial randomness suffice to certify perfect randomness? Here we show that this is indeed the case. We provide a Bell test that uses arbitrarily imperfect random bits to produce bits that are, under the non-signalling principle assumption, perfectly random. This provides the first protocol attaining full randomness amplification. Our results have strong implications onto the debate of whether there exist events that are fully random.
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Perfectly random bits can be generated using a five-party Mermin inequality with arbitrarily imperfect random bits under the no-signalling assumption.
“Gallego et al ., 74 who demonstrated that perfectly random bits can be generated using a fi ve-party Mermin inequality 75 with arbitrarily imperfect random bits under the no-signalling assumption.”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Gallego, R., Masanes, L., De La Torre, G., Dhara, C., Aolita, L., & Acín, A.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Photonic Sciences (ES)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Acín, Antonio
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2013-10-30
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2654-2654
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034377058
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 25.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
- Funders
- European Commission (299141)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-CHRI-0007)
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- CHIST-ERA
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Keywords
- Bell tests, quantum nonlocality, randomness certification, quantum randomness, indeterminism
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Philosophy, Probability, Quantum Theory, Stochastic Processes
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