CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,977Immunotherapy and Immune ResponsesAngiogenesis and VEGF in CancerCancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers

Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells

Gabrilovich, Dmitry I., Chen, Hailei L., Girgis, Khaled R., Cunningham, H. Thomas, Meny, Geralyn M., Nadaf, Sorena, Kavanaugh, Denise, Carbone, David P.·1996·Nature Medicine
DOI 10.1038/nm1096-1096
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Inadequate presentation of tumor antigens by host professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs), is one potential mechanism for the escape of tumors from the host immune system. Here, we show that human cancer cell lines release a soluble factor or factors that dramatically affect DC maturation from precursors without affecting the function of relatively mature DCs. One factor responsible for these effects was identified as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Thus, VEGF may play a broader role in the pathogenesis of cancer than was previously thought, and therapeutic blockade of VEGF action may improve prospects for immunotherapy as well as inhibit tumor neovasculature.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nm1096-1096

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Cancer cells directly inhibit the immune system through molecules such as VEGF, prostaglandin E2, TGF-β, and IL-10, which suppress cytotoxic T-cell function.

    “Cancer cells also directly inhibit the immune system through molecules like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), prostaglandin E2, transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), which suppress cytotoxic T-cell function [77,78,80,81,82,83].”

    From Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy (2024) · cites this paper as [80]

  • VEGF inhibits dendritic cell maturation and antigen presentation, hampering T cell activation and diminishing the T cell-mediated anticancer immune response.

    “Second, VEGF inhibits DC maturation and antigen presentation, thus hampering T cell activation and, consequently, diminishing the T cell-mediated anticancer immune response23,24”

    From Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as [24]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Gabrilovich, D. I., Chen, H. L., Girgis, K. R., Cunningham, H. T., Meny, G. M., Nadaf, S., Kavanaugh, D., & Carbone, D. P.
Affiliations
  • Vanderbilt University (US)
  • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
Nature Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1996-10-01
Volume
2
Issue
10
Pages
1096-1103
ISSN
  • 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
  • 1546-170X
DOI
10.1038/nm1096-1096
OpenAlex
W2088571368
Cited by
1,977
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 62
FWCI
15.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (1996-11-01)
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01ca061242-06)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01-CA61242)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Keywords
vascular endothelial growth factor, dendritic cell maturation, tumor antigen presentation, antigen-presenting cells, tumor immune evasion, soluble factors, cancer immunotherapy, tumor neovasculature, VEGF inhibition
MeSH terms
Base Sequence, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Dendritic Cells, Endothelium, Vascular, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Lymphokines, Molecular Sequence Data, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasms, Recombinant Proteins, Tumor Cells, Cultured, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Endothelial Growth Factors, Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors, Culture Media, Conditioned, Antigen Presentation, Receptors, Growth Factor, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review