Cited by 653Gene expression and cancer classificationBreast Cancer Treatment StudiesCancer-related Molecular Pathways

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Common markers of proliferation

Whitfield, Michael L., George, Lacy K., Grant, Gavin D., Perou, Charles M.·2006·Nature Reviews Cancer

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Abstract

When normal tissue and tumour samples are compared by microarray analysis, the biggest differences most often occur in the expression levels of genes that control cell proliferation. However, this difference is detected whenever mRNA samples that are taken from two cell populations with different proliferation rates are compared. Although the exact genes that comprise this 'proliferation signature' often differ, they are almost always genes that are involved in the fundamental process of cell proliferation. Can the proliferation signature be used to improve our understanding of the cell cycle and cancer pathogenesis, as well as being used as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis?

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Background
The Transcription Factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1)
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“Finally, as recently suggested (Whitfield et al. 2006), the proliferation genes can be used as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.”
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“It is therefore widely used in basic cell and developmental biology, in clinical oncology, and in pathology as a general proliferation marker (22).”
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Head and neck cancer: from anatomy to biology
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“and Progression Aberrant cellular proliferation is a hallmark in cancer(16) and proliferation signatures are present in almost all tumors including HNSCC.(17) Most proliferation-associated genes in cancer are oncogenes and increased expression of these genes provides the rationale for their targeted inhibition.”
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Single-cell transcriptomics reveals gene expression dynamics of human fetal kidney development
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“Reassuringly, the SL-based prediction accuracy levels are overall higher compared with those obtained by several published transcriptomic-based predictors, including the proliferation index (Whitfield et al., 2006), interferon-g (IFNg) signature (Ayers et al.”
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Background
Systems Level Analysis of Systemic Sclerosis Shows a Network of Immune and Profibrotic Pathways Connected with Genetic Polymorphisms
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p53‐repressed miRNAs are involved with E2F in a feed‐forward loop promoting proliferation
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“Importantly, the ‘proliferation cluster’ is one of the most prominent expression signatures revealed when tumors are compared to normal tissues or when highly proliferating cells are compared to slow growing cells, and contains many cell-cycle periodic genes (Whitfield et al, 2006).”
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The molecular diversity of Luminal A breast tumors
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“Most of these genes have also been identified as ‘‘proliferation marker’’ genes [35].”
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A TGFβ-Responsive Gene Signature Is Associated with a Subset of Diffuse Scleroderma with Increased Disease Severity
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“Among the enriched, downregulated GO terms were mitotic cell cycle, cell division, and chromosomal segregation, indicating that TGFb downregulates the proliferation signature (Whitfield et al., 2006) under low-serum conditions.”
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MiR-221 promotes the development of androgen independence in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of HECTD2 and RAB1A
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The E2F-Regulated Gene Chk1 Is Highly Expressed in Triple-Negative Estrogen Receptor−/Progesterone Receptor−/HER-2− Breast Carcinomas
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“To this end, a new generation of oncolytic adenoviral vectors, expressing antisense Chk1 cDNA preferentially in tumor cells, has been used in a preclinical setting and yielded promising results (6, 23).”
Background
Exosomes from human adipose‐derived stem cells promote sciatic nerve regeneration via optimizing Schwann cell function
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“Sustaining proliferative signaling and evading growth suppressors [39,40]”
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“To establish which of those sets could be most relied on to constitute the validated differential tumour epithelial transcriptome (DTET), examples of each group were analysed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (Figure 1b).”
BackgroundInfluential
Proliferative genes dominate malignancy-risk gene signature in histologically-normal breast tissue
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Novel Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers of Prognostic and Predictive Significance in Stage II/III Colorectal Cancer
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Mammary Epithelial-Specific Disruption of Focal Adhesion Kinase Retards Tumor Formation and Metastasis in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Human Breast Cancer
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Zebrafish as an Emerging Model Organism to Study Angiogenesis in Development and Regeneration
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Defining human mesenchymal and epithelial heterogeneity in response to oral inflammatory disease
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YB-1, the E2F Pathway, and Regulation of Tumor Cell Growth
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“grade, tumor size, and adjuvant treatment in lymph node–negative patients (and used in the Mammaprint assay) (61); the 76-gene signature that predicts”
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A Biophysical Indicator of Vaso-occlusive Risk in Sickle Cell Disease
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3D-CLEM Reveals that a Major Portion of Mitotic Chromosomes Is Not Chromatin
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“Ki-67 was discovered as the target of a monoclonal antibody against the nuclei of Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells that is now one of the most widely used histological markers for cell proliferation (Whitfield et al., 2006).”
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Genome‐wide transcriptome analyses reveal p53 inactivation mediated loss of miR‐34a expression in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours
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Activation of the Osteopontin/Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Pathway Correlates with Prostate Cancer Progression
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“Cytotoxic-based therapies are known to be more effective in highly proliferative tumours than in quiescent, low proliferative tumours (Skipper, 1971; Whitfield et al, 2006).”
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Variable Outcomes in Neural Differentiation of Human PSCs Arise from Intrinsic Differences in Developmental Signaling Pathways
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“We focused our analyses on the expression of a curated panel of genes indicative of cell or spatial identity in the developing embryo based on developmental and stem cell biology (Evseenko et al., 2010; Flames et al., 2007; Maroof et al., 2013; Menendez et al., 2013; Merkle et al., 2015; Molyneaux et al., 2007; Mormon…”
Background
MIB1/Ki-67 labelling index can classify grade 2 breast cancer into two clinically distinct subgroups
Aleskandarany, M. A., Rakha, E. A., Macmillan, R. D., Powe, D. G., Ellis, I. O., & Green, A. R. (2010) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1028-3 · Cited by 109
“Therefore, other methods of assessing proliferative activity in BC have been previously studied with their documented advantages and disadvantages [6, 8], with some focus on histologic grade 2 refinement [9, 10].”
BackgroundMethod
Biomarker-activatable probes based on smart AIEgens for fluorescence and optoacoustic imaging
Ouyang, J., Sun, L., Zeng, F., & Wu, S. (2022) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214438 · Cited by 108

Authors: Whitfield, M. L., George, L. K., Grant, G. D., & Perou, C. M.
Affiliations: Dartmouth College (US)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Whitfield, Michael L.
ORCID: Whitfield, Michael L.
Grant, Gavin D.
Perou, Charles M.
Venue: Nature Reviews Cancer
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-02
Volume: 6
Issue: 2
Pages: 99-106
ISSN: 1474-175X (ISSN-L)
1474-1768
DOI: 10.1038/nrc1802
OpenAlex: W2018173663
Cited by: 650
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 2.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Cancer (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
Keywords: cell proliferation, proliferation signature, gene expression profiling, tumor markers, cell cycle, carcinogenesis, cancer diagnosis, cancer prognosis
MeSH terms: Cell Cycle, Genetic Markers, Humans, Neoplasms, Prognosis, RNA, Messenger, Biomarkers, Tumor, Gene Expression Profiling, Cell Proliferation

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