Cited by 2,077Heart Failure Treatment and ManagementCardiovascular Function and Risk FactorsCardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling

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Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure

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Bui, Anh L., Horwich, Tamara B., Fonarow, Gregg C.·2011·Nature Reviews Cardiology

DOI 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.165PMC PMC3033496

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Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of over 5.8 million in the USA, and over 23 million worldwide, and rising. The lifetime risk of developing HF is one in five. Although promising evidence shows that the age-adjusted incidence of HF may have plateaued, HF still carries substantial morbidity and mortality, with 5-year mortality that rival those of many cancers. HF represents a considerable burden to the health-care system, responsible for costs of more than $39 billion annually in the USA alone, and high rates of hospitalizations, readmissions, and outpatient visits. HF is not a single entity, but a clinical syndrome that may have different characteristics depending on age, sex, race or ethnicity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) status, and HF etiology. Furthermore, pathophysiological differences are observed among patients diagnosed with HF and reduced LVEF compared with HF and preserved LVEF, which are beginning to be better appreciated in epidemiological studies. A number of risk factors, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and diabetes, among others, have been identified that both predict the incidence of HF as well as its severity. In this Review, we discuss key features of the epidemiology and risk profile of HF.

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Retracted
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“Despite advances in medical and surgical treatments, mortality in CHF patients remains high, and the five-year mortality rate in CHF patients averages 50%, whereas in the end-stage CHF, it may reach 75%; and the sudden death rate accounts for 30 ~ 50% of total mortality [2,3].”
Background
Sustained Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation Promotes Systemic and Cardiac Inflammation, and Aggravates Diastolic Heart Failure in SERCA2a KO Mice
Dhondup, Y., Sjaastad, I., Scott, H., Sandanger, Ø., Zhang, L., Haugstad, S. B., Aronsen, J. M., Ranheim, T., Holmen, S. D., Alfsnes, K., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139715 · Cited by 13
“Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with an overall prevalence of about 2–3% [1].”
Background
Cost-Effectiveness of Eplerenone Compared to Usual Care in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and NYHA Class II Symptoms, an Australian Perspective
Ademi, Z., Pasupathi, K., & Liew, D. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003531 · Cited by 14
“Notably, the burden of CHF in Australia, like many other Western countries, is expected to increase due to an aging population and better survival from acute cardiac diseases.(7) Guideline recommendations for the management of patients with CHF and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II symptoms include angiotensi…”
Background
Temporal trends in long-term mortality of patients with acute heart failure: Data from 1985–2008
van den Berge, J. C., Akkerhuis, M. K., Constantinescu, A. A., Kors, J. A., van Domburg, R. T., & Deckers, J. W. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.09.062 · Cited by 13
Complement 5a Receptor deficiency does not influence adverse cardiac remodeling after pressure-overload in mice
de Haan, J. J., Bosch, L., Borgman, A., Bastemeijer, M., Brans, M. A. D., van de Weg, S. M., de Kleijn, D. P. V., Sluijter, J. P. G., el Azzouzi, H., & de Jager, S. C. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16957-3 · Cited by 13
Joint effects of obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension on chronic heart failure: A cross-sectional study
Cai, A., Zhang, J., Wang, R., Chen, J., Huang, B., Zhou, Y., & Wang, L. (2018) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.089 · Cited by 13
Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and multivessel coronary artery disease
Hawranek, M., Zembala, M. O., Gąsior, M., Hrapkowicz, T., Pyka, Ł., Cieśla, D., & Zembala, M. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25006 · Cited by 13
Cardioprotective effects of α‐cardiac actin on oxidative stress in a dilated cardiomyopathy mouse model
Angelini, A., Gorey, M.-A., Dumont, F., Mougenot, N., Chatzifrangkeskou, M., Muchir, A., Li, Z., Mericskay, M., & Decaux, J. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201902389r · Cited by 13
“Srf-floxed Cre negative; (4) SRFHKO; and (5) SRFHKO/CA mice.”
Novel Biomarkers Associated with Incident Heart Failure in 10 106 Finnish Men
Jauhiainen, R., Jauhiainen, M., Vangipurapu, J., Kuulasmaa, T., Ala‐Korpela, M., Laakso, M., & Kuusisto, J. (2020) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13132 · Cited by 13
Patient Profiles on Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure: A 10-Year History of the Malaysian Population
Ghazi, A. M., Teoh, C. K., & Rahim, A. A. A. (2022) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13992 · Cited by 13
Cost-Effectiveness of Earlier Transition to Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction
Grant, A. D. M., Chew, D. S., Howlett, J. G., & Miller, R. J. H. (2020) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.05.009 · Cited by 12
Investigating Death Anxiety and its Relationship with Some Demographic Variables in Patients with Heart Failure in Zanjan 2018
Asgari, S., Roohani, M., Amini, K., & Faghihzadeh, S. (2018) · Preventive Care In Nursing and Midwifery Journal · doi:10.29252/pcnm.8.2.34 · Cited by 12
“More than 23 million people worldwide are estimated to suffer from heart failure with an increasing incidence and prevalence [2,3].”
Background
The Revised Self-Care of Heart Failure Index — a new tool for assessing the self-care of Polish patients with heart failure
Świątoniowska-Lonc, N., Polański, J., Pilarczyk-Wróblewska, I., & Jankowska‐Polańska, B. (2021) · Kardiologia Polska · doi:10.33963/kp.a2021.0009 · Cited by 12
“300 000 patients die annually due to heart failure decompensation [2, 3].”
Background
Presence of Intracardiac Thrombus at the Time of Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Stroke and Death
Bravo, C., Fried, J., Willey, J. Z., Javaid, A., Mondellini, G. M., Braghieri, L., Lumish, H. S., Topkara, V. K., Kaku, Y., Witer, L. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.06.011 · Cited by 12
Deep Neural Network-Aided Histopathological Analysis of Myocardial Injury
Jiao, Y., Yuan, J., Sodimu, O. M., Qiang, Y., & Ding, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.724183 · Cited by 12
“In this study, we emphasized two types of disagreements among sub-models: (1) a significantly different prediction generated by a sub-model (Figures 8A–E, corresponding to A–E in Figure 6),”
BackgroundMethod
Associations of continuity and coordination of care with outcomes and costs after discharge among patients with heart failure: A nationwide population-based study
Chang, G.-M., Chen, J., Kuo, W.-Y., & Tung, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.028 · Cited by 12
Intra-Patient and Inter-Patient Multi-Classification of Severe Cardiovascular Diseases Based on CResFormer
Li, D., Shi, C., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., & Li, C. (2022) · Tsinghua Science & Technology · doi:10.26599/tst.2022.9010008 · Cited by 12
Sleep quality among different classes of heart failure patients in Jordan: A STROBE compliant cross-sectional study
Gharaibeh, B. A., Al-Absi, I., Abuhammad, S., Gharaibeh, M. A., & Jarrah, M. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000032069 · Cited by 12
“3 million worldwide.[3] There are, however, no statistical data on HF prevalence in Jordan, but the Jordan Ministry of Health reported that in the year of 2013 nearly 36% of deaths in Jordan were due to cardiovascular disease.”
Background
Gut microbiota might mediate the benefits of high-fiber/acetate diet to cardiac hypertrophy mice
Chen, M., Peng, L., Chenglong, Z., Liu, Q., Long, T., & Xie, Q. (2023) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-023-00971-3 · Cited by 12
“Over 23 million people worldwide are affected by heart failure, which is most commonly caused by myocardial infarction, hypertension, and cardiomyopathies [2].”
Background
The Anti-Inflammatory Mediator 17(R)-Resolvin D1 Attenuates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis
Wang, M., Pan, W. D., Cheng, W., Liu, J., Zhang, J., Yu, J., Zhao, M., Xu, S., Ye, J., Wang, Z., et al. (2023) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s421894 · Cited by 13
“Under conditions of sustained pressure or volume overload, the progression of cardiac remodeling is accompanied by the decompensation of cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and metabolic disorders(4) and will ultimately develop into end-stages.(3,6) Despite advances in treatment, the…”
Background
Dengzhanshengmai capsule alleviates heart failure and concomitantly decreases phenylacetylglutamine level, interacting with the intestinal microflora in rats
Yi, B., Zhang, P., Chen, J., Fang, Z., Yang, X., Yang, D., Zang, Q., Xu, J., Ren, T., Yang, H., et al. (2023) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.14365 · Cited by 12
“Heart failure (HF) is an advanced stage of most cardiac diseases, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates for affected patients (Bui et al., 2011).”
Background
Effect of exercise on functional capacity and body weight for people with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Rijal, A., Adhikari, T. B., Dhakal, S., Maagaard, M., Piri, R., Nielsen, E. E., Neupane, D., Jakobsen, J. C., & Olsen, M. H. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00829-1 · Cited by 16
“For instance, patients with cardiovascular disease, especially for conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy is characterized by reduced cardiac output leading to shortness of breath, fatigue and muscle weakness depending on severity of the condition [1, 3].”
Background
Statin Treatment and Clinical Outcomes of Heart Failure Among Africans: An Inverse Probability Treatment Weighted Analysis
Bonsu, K. O., Owusu, I. K., Buabeng, K. O., Reidpath, D. D., & Kadirvelu, A. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.004706 · Cited by 12
“With the world’s aging population coupled with epidemiological transition, the burden of HF is expected to rise in the foreseeable future.(1,2) Statins are well known to reduce cardiovascular events,(3,4) and remain key to preventing HF.”
Background
Design and synthesis of sulfonamidophenylethylureas as novel cardiac myosin activator
Manickam, M., Jalani, H. B., Pillaiyar, T., Boggu, P. R., Sharma, N., Eeda, V., Lee, Y.-J., Jeon, E., Son, M., Woo, S., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.077 · Cited by 12
Impact of concurrent right ventricular myocardial infarction on outcomes among patients with left ventricular myocardial infarction
Liao, H., Chen, Q., Liu, L., Sigan, Z., Deng, H., & Xiao, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58713-0 · Cited by 12
Culture and the understanding of advanced heart failure: A mixed-methods systematic review
Alassoud, B., Johnston, B. M., & Hogg, K. J. (2020) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2020.02.008 · Cited by 13
A Comparative Study for Time-to-Event Analysis and Survival Prediction for Heart Failure Condition using Machine Learning Techniques
Mishra, S. (2022) · Journal of Electronics Electromedical Engineering and Medical Informatics · doi:10.35882/jeeemi.v4i3.225 · Cited by 14
“, [4] mention that heart failure can have various traits based on the age, sex, race, and ethnicity.”
Background
Early flattening of the oxygen pulse during the cardiopulmonary exercise test in asymptomatic adults and its association with cardiovascular risk factors
de Almeida, V. R., Ostolin, T. L. V. D. P., Gonze, B. D. B., de Almeida, F. R., Romiti, M., Arantes, R. L., & Dourado, V. Z. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.08.011 · Cited by 13
Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of cardio-renal syndrome
Cice, G., Calò, L., & Monzo, L. (2022) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suac101 · Cited by 12
“In spite of these progresses, HF remains a complex syndrome burdened by an unacceptable morbidity and mortality.(4) The euphoria unleashed by this ‘Copernican revolution’ in medical therapy gradually faded out over the years, replaced by the awareness that neuro-hormonal blockade was the larger and conclusive step of…”
Background
Comparative Analysis of Non-Coding RNA Transcriptomics in Heart Failure
García-Padilla, C., Lozano-Velasco, E., García-López, V., Aránega, A., Franco, D., García-Martínez, V., & López-Sánchez, C. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10123076 · Cited by 9
“Apart from that, there is a large number of risk factors including ischemic heart disease, myocardial fibrosis, hypertension, smoking, obesity and diabetes which can help to predict incidence and severity of HF [3,4].”
Background
Normal and high eNOS levels are detrimental in both mild and severe cardiac pressure-overload
van Deel, E. D., Octavia, Y., de Boer, M., Juni, R. P., Tempel, D., van Haperen, R., de Crom, R., Moens, A. L., Merkus, D., & Duncker, D. J. (2015) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.001 · Cited by 12
Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Inflammation in Congestive Heart Failure: A Review
Lappegård, K. T., Bjørnstad, H., Mollnes, T. E., & Hovland, A. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.12328 · Cited by 12
Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Disease
Groban, L., Lindsey, S. H., Wang, H., & Alencar, A. K. N. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802388-4.00005-7 · Cited by 13
Genetic determinants of myocardial dysfunction
Li, X., & Zhang, P. (2016) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104308 · Cited by 12
Health effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of telehealthcare for heart failure: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Cichosz, S. L., Ehlers, L. H., & Hejlesen, O. K. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1722-5 · Cited by 12
“Approximately 26 million people worldwide are living with HF [3].”
Background
Combination of high-sensitivity troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predicts future hospital admission for heart failure in high-risk hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
Okuyama, R., Ishii, J., Takahashi, H., Kawai, H., Muramatsu, T., Harada, M., Yamada, A., Motoyama, S., Matsui, S., Naruse, H., et al. (2017) · Heart and Vessels · doi:10.1007/s00380-017-0948-9 · Cited by 14
“Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the development of HF, and coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are other important risk factors for HF that often coexist with hypertension [1, 8].”
Background
Stable but Progressive Nature of Heart Failure: Considerations for Primary Care Physicians
Anand, I. S. (2018) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-018-0277-0 · Cited by 12
“The prevalence of HF increases with age [1].”
Background
Integrating hypertension phenotype and genotype with hybrid non-negative matrix factorization
Luo, Y., Mao, C., Yang, Y., Wang, F., Ahmad, F. S., Arnett, D. K., Irvin, M. R., & Shah, S. J. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty804 · Cited by 12
“In longitudinal strain phenotype group, besides abnormal sodium, calcium and albumin levels, both higher waist/hip ratio and faster sitting heart rate have a known association with the development of heart failure (Bui, Horwich, & Fonarow, 2011).”
Background
The role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: A systematic review
Zhao-hui, W. (2019) · Malawi Medical Journal · doi:10.4314/mmj.v31i3.14 · Cited by 12
Heart Failure Prevalence in the General Population: SOBOTA-HF Study Rationale and Design
Lainščak, M., Omersa, D., Sedlar, N., Anker, S. D., & Farkaš, J. (2019) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12496 · Cited by 12
“It is postulated that overall HF prevalence in developed countries is 1–2% and increases with age to more than 10% in people over 85 years, while being extremely rare in young.(1,2) Through better management of acute cardiac conditions and due to population ageing, HF is the only cardiovascular condition with increasi…”
Background
Sinomenine's protective role and mechanism in stress load-induced heart failure
Fu, Y.-F., Li, L., Fang, P., Song, J., Sun, X., Meng, T.-H., & Tao, H. (2019) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.13181 · Cited by 12
“Ventricular remodelling includes changes in ventricular wall cell structure and extracellular matrix.([15,16]) The extracellular matrix is a dynamic network structure that exists between cells.”
Background
Half-life extension of peptidic APJ agonists by N-terminal lipid conjugation
Reed, A. B., Lanman, B. A., Holder, J. R., Yang, B. H., Ma, J., Humphreys, S. C., Wang, Z., Chan, J. C. Y., Miranda, L. P., Swaminath, G., et al. (2020) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127499 · Cited by 12
Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Frailty in Gerontal Inpatients With Pre-clinical Heart Failure: A Subgroup Analysis of a Prospective Observational Cohort Study in China
Zheng, P., Yao, S.-M., Shi, J. C., Wan, Y., Guo, D., Cui, L.-L., Sun, N. L., Wang, H., & Yang, J.-F. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.607439 · Cited by 12
“HF is an important cause of hospitalization in elderly patients (3), and the 5-year mortality after hospitalization for decompensated HF is >75% (4).”
Background
Rescue of Heart Failure by Mitochondrial Recovery
Marquez, J. C., Lee, S. R., Kim, N., & Han, J. (2006) · International Neurourology Journal · doi:10.5213/inj.1632570.285 · Cited by 12
“8 million people in the United States alone, in addition to 23 million more people worldwide [1].”
Background
MicroRNA-155 in the Heart
Rayner, K. J. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.016327 · Cited by 12
“Rupture of culprit atherosclerotic lesions is the main driver of downstream myocardial infarction (MI), accounting for 7 million deaths annually and 23 million individuals living with heart failure worldwide.(1) Accordingly, there has been a tremendous interest in using novel therapies to revascularize ischemic tissue…”
Background
A Hippo “AKT” Regulates Cardiomyocyte Proliferation
Xiao, F., Kimura, W., & Sadek, H. A. (2014) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.114.305325 · Cited by 12
“Heart failure is a costly and deadly disease affecting >23 million patients worldwide.(1) At the core of the pathophysiology of heart failure is the inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate after myocardial loss, which is in marked contrast to terelost fish, urodele amphibians, and mammalian neonates.”
An Evaluation of Cardiac Health in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Colony: Implications of Evolutionary Driven Increases in Concentric Hypertrophy
Holjak, E. J. B., Savinova, I., Nelson, V. L., Ogilvie, L. M., Ng, A. M., Edgett, B. A., Platt, M. J., Brunt, K. R., Ask, K., & Simpson, J. A. (2021) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpab155 · Cited by 11
Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation of Echocardiography Videos via Multi-level Features Selection
Chen, E., Cai, Z., & Lai, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18910-4_32 · Cited by 11

Authors: Bui, A. L., Horwich, T. B., & Fonarow, G. C.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Fonarow, Gregg C.
ORCID: Horwich, Tamara B.
Fonarow, Gregg C.
Venue: Nature Reviews Cardiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-11-09
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 30-41
ISSN: 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
1759-5010
DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.165
PMC: PMC3033496
OpenAlex: W1992644002
Cited by: 2,077
References: 144
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 6.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Heart Failure Society of America
Ahmanson Foundation
National Institutes of Health (5k23hl085097-04)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K23HL085097, K23 HL085097, T32HL007895)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
Keywords: heart failure, heart failure epidemiology, heart failure risk factors, heart failure prevalence, heart failure mortality, health care costs, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Assessment

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Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure

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