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Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure
Open accessAbstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of over 5.8 million in the USA, and over 23 million worldwide, and rising. The lifetime risk of developing HF is one in five. Although promising evidence shows that the age-adjusted incidence of HF may have plateaued, HF still carries substantial morbidity and mortality, with 5-year mortality that rival those of many cancers. HF represents a considerable burden to the health-care system, responsible for costs of more than $39 billion annually in the USA alone, and high rates of hospitalizations, readmissions, and outpatient visits. HF is not a single entity, but a clinical syndrome that may have different characteristics depending on age, sex, race or ethnicity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) status, and HF etiology. Furthermore, pathophysiological differences are observed among patients diagnosed with HF and reduced LVEF compared with HF and preserved LVEF, which are beginning to be better appreciated in epidemiological studies. A number of risk factors, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and diabetes, among others, have been identified that both predict the incidence of HF as well as its severity. In this Review, we discuss key features of the epidemiology and risk profile of HF.
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“Despite advancements in clinical management, MI and ischemic cardiomyopathy are among the leading causes of heart failure, associated morbidity, and death worldwide 3,4 and continue to impose staggering financial burden on healthcare systems 3,5-8 .”
From Targeting the Immune-Fibrosis Axis in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Discussion The main findings of this study are: (1) cardiac ANGPTL2 production increases in stressed mouse heart as it undergoes pathological remodelling and potentially in some DCM patients; (2) pathological stimuli increase cardiomyocyte ANGPTL2 production via calcineurin-NFAT signalling; (3) ANGPTL2 protein secrete…”
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Insuficiência cardíaca em números: estimativas para o século XXI em Portugal
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“Heart failure, a worldwide public health burden with a global prevalence of above 23 million, is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates with a 5‐year mortality rate even rivaling that of several cancers (Bui et al., 2011).”
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“8 million people with HF in the United States and worldwide the estimate was about 23 million people [4].”
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“Heart failure (HF) is the terminal stage of all cardiac diseases, with high morbidity and mortality rates [1].”
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“INTRODUCTION Heart failure (HF) is a major healthcare burden and is increasing in incidence and prevalence.(1) Despite efforts with various pharmacological interventions, mortality and morbidity remain high in patients with this common condition.”
BackgroundObesity and cardiovascular risk
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Absence of Myocardial Fibrosis Predicts Favorable Long-Term Survival in New-Onset Heart Failure
Gulati, A., Japp, A. G., Raza, S., Halliday, B. P., Jones, D. A., Newsome, S., Ismail, N. A., Morarji, K., Khwaja, J., Spath, N. B., et al. (2018) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.118.007722 · Cited by 64
A systematic approach to chronic heart failure care: a consensus statement
Page, K., Marwick, T. H., Lee, R., Grenfell, R., Abhayaratna, W. P., Aggarwal, A., Briffa, T. G., Cameron, J., Davidson, P. M., Driscoll, A., et al. (2014) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja14.00032 · Cited by 59
Nassif, M. E., Windsor, S. L., GOSCH, K. L., Borlaug, B. A., Husain, M., Inzucchi, S. E., Kitzman, D. W., McGuire, D. K., Pitt, B., Scirica, B. M., et al. (2023) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.122.009837 · Cited by 61
Gender Differences in Electrophysiological Gene Expression in Failing and Non-Failing Human Hearts
Ambrosi, C. M., Yamada, K. A., Nerbonne, J. M., & Efimov, I. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054635 · Cited by 60
“Interestingly, although overall men are more likely to develop heart failure [55], women diagnosed with heart failure are approximately 1.”
BackgroundDoppala, B. P., Bhattacharyya, D., Chakkravarthy, M., & Kim, T.-H. (2021) · Distributed and Parallel Databases · doi:10.1007/s10619-021-07329-y · Cited by 59
The Burden of Uncontrolled Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men With Prostate Cancer
Klimis, H., Pinthus, J. H., Aghel, N., Duceppe, E., Fradet, V., Brown, I. H., Siemens, D. R., Shayegan, B., Klotz, L. H., Luke, P. P. W., et al. (2023) · JACC CardioOncology · doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.09.008 · Cited by 59
“Lives alone 430/2,759 (16) 192/1,354 (14) 235/1,405 (17) 0.”
Nakajima, K., Fujita, J., Matsui, M., Tohyama, S., Tamura, N., Kanazawa, H., Seki, T., Kishino, Y., Hirano, A., Okada, M., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133308 · Cited by 59
“More than 20 million people suffer from heart failure all over the world [1].”
BackgroundEvaluation of Frailty in Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease
GARY, R. A. (2012) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0b013e318239f4a4 · Cited by 59
Astragaloside IV alleviates heart failure by promoting angiogenesis through the JAK-STAT3 pathway
Sui, Y.-B., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Liu, F., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2019.1569697 · Cited by 57
“Many factors such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and smoking can increase the risk for development of HF (Cohn et al. 1996; Bui et al. 2011).”
BackgroundA New Multi-Agent Feature Wrapper Machine Learning Approach for Heart Disease Diagnosis
Elhoseny, M., Mohammed, M. A., Mostafa, S. A., Abdulkareem, K. H., Maashi, M. S., García-Zapirain, B., Mutlag, A. A., & Maashi, M. S. (2021) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2021.012632 · Cited by 58
Redox signaling in heart failure and therapeutic implications
Weissman, D., & Maack, C. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.013 · Cited by 60
Middle age serum sodium levels in the upper part of normal range and risk of heart failure
Dmitrieva, N. I., Liu, D., Wu, C. O., & Boehm, M. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac138 · Cited by 58
NT-ProBNP Levels in Saliva and Its Clinical Relevance to Heart Failure
Foo, J. Y. Y., Wan, Y., Kostner, K., Arivalagan, A., Atherton, J. J., Cooper-White, J. J., Dimeski, G., & Punyadeera, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048452 · Cited by 58
“Heart failure (HF) is a global health problem, associated with poor clinical outcomes and substantial economic burden to the healthcare system [1,2].”
BackgroundMitochondrial Haplogroups H and J: Risk and Protective Factors for Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Fernández-Caggiano, M., Barallobre‐Barreiro, J., Rego‐Pérez, I., Crespo-Leiro, M. G., Paniagua, M. J., Grille, Z., Blanco, F. J., & Doménech, N. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044128 · Cited by 58
“Ischemic heart failure continues to be a major health problem in the Western countries [1].”
BackgroundAbbas, S., Ihle, P., Harder, S., & Schübert, I. (2015) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3748 · Cited by 59
Aamodt, I. T., Lycholip, E., Celutkiene, J., Strömberg, A., Atar, D., Falk, R. S., von Lueder, T., Hellesø, R., Jaarsma, T., & Lie, I. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10362 · Cited by 49
“HF is a complex, progressive clinical syndrome characterized by high mortality, high morbidity with high readmission rates (25% in Europe [7] and 27% in the United States [10]), and affecting quality of life [11].”
BackgroundT-bet deficiency attenuates cardiac remodelling in rats
Ma, Z., Dai, J., Yuan, Y., Bian, Z., Xu, S., Jin, Y., Zhang, X., & Tang, Q. (2018) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00395-018-0678-x · Cited by 58
SGLT2 inhibitors: Beyond glycemic control
Hasan, I., Rashid, T., Jaikaransingh, V., Heilig, C., Abdel‐Rahman, E. M., & Awad, A. S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2024.100335 · Cited by 71
“Further, patients with HF are at increased risk of recurrent hospitalization and mortality [69].”
BackgroundDilemmas in end-stage heart failure.
Chen-Scarabelli, C. A., Saravolatz, L. I. I., Hirsh, B. J., Agrawal, P. K., & Scarabelli, T. M. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.01.007 · Cited by 56
Frailty in Advanced Heart Failure: A Consequence of Aging or a Separate Entity?
Goldwater, D. S., & Pinney, S. (2015) · Clinical Medicine Insights Cardiology · doi:10.4137/cmc.s19698 · Cited by 59
Trajectory of Illness for Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
Kheirbek, R., Alemi, F., Citron, B. A., Afaq, M. A., Wu, H., & Fletcher, R. D. (2013) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.0510 · Cited by 57
Comorbid Depression and Heart Failure: A Community Cohort Study
Jani, B., Mair, F. S., Roger, V. L., Weston, S. A., Jiang, R., & Chamberlain, A. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158570 · Cited by 58
Ziehm, J., Farin‐Glattacker, E., Seibel, K., Becker, G., & Köberich, S. (2016) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-016-0149-9 · Cited by 57
“Further, it is associated with high mortality rates [2].”
BackgroundShanmuganathan, M., Vughs, J., Noseda, M., & Emanueli, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01159 · Cited by 58
“Notwithstanding, the global burden of ischaemic HF continues to grow (Bui et al., 2011; Andersson and Vasan, 2018).”
BackgroundMamun, M. M. R. K., & Elfouly, T. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10070796 · Cited by 63
“Typical heart disease occurs because of a lack of blood supply to body parts, including the heart itself [1].”
BackgroundCardiac Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Heart Failure
Janssen, R., Muller, A., & Simonides, W. S. (2017) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000469708 · Cited by 56
Foo, K. S., Lehtinen, M. L., Leung, C. Y., Lian, X. L., Xu, J., Keung, W., Geng, L., Kolstad, T. R., Thams, S., Wong, A. O.-T., et al. (2018) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.012 · Cited by 58
Neeki, M. M., Kulczycki, M., Toy, J., Dong, F., Lee, C., Borger, R., & Adigopula, S. (2016) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.05.057 · Cited by 55
Heart Failure and Exercise: A Narrative Review of the Role of Self-Efficacy
Ha, F. J., Hare, D. L., Cameron, J. D., & Toukhsati, S. R. (2017) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2017.08.012 · Cited by 55
Pascual-Figal, D. A., Wachter, R., Senni, M., Bělohlávek, J., Noè, A., Carr, D., & Butylin, D. (2017) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12246 · Cited by 54
Fruit and vegetable intake and rate of heart failure: a population‐based prospective cohort of women
Rautiainen, S., Levitan, E. B., Mittleman, M., & Wolk, A. (2015) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.191 · Cited by 55
Therapeutic strategies utilizing SDF-1α in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
Ziff, O. J., Bromage, D. I., Yellon, D. M., & Davidson, S. M. (2017) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvx203 · Cited by 55
“This, combined with an aging population, has led to an increasing prevalence of ischaemic heart failure (HF), with current estimates suggesting that 26 million people live with HF worldwide and that myocardial infarction (MI) is a contributory factor in 29% of HF hospitalizations.(2) Ischaemic cardiomyopathy describes…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bui, A. L., Horwich, T. B., & Fonarow, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fonarow, Gregg C.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cardiology
- Published
- 2010-11-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-41
- ISSN
- 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5010
- PMC
- PMC3033496
- OpenAlex
- W1992644002
- Cited by
- 2,077
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart Failure Society of America
- Ahmanson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5k23hl085097-04)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K23HL085097, K23 HL085097, T32HL007895)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- heart failure, heart failure epidemiology, heart failure risk factors, heart failure prevalence, heart failure mortality, health care costs, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Assessment
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