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Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure
Open accessAbstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of over 5.8 million in the USA, and over 23 million worldwide, and rising. The lifetime risk of developing HF is one in five. Although promising evidence shows that the age-adjusted incidence of HF may have plateaued, HF still carries substantial morbidity and mortality, with 5-year mortality that rival those of many cancers. HF represents a considerable burden to the health-care system, responsible for costs of more than $39 billion annually in the USA alone, and high rates of hospitalizations, readmissions, and outpatient visits. HF is not a single entity, but a clinical syndrome that may have different characteristics depending on age, sex, race or ethnicity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) status, and HF etiology. Furthermore, pathophysiological differences are observed among patients diagnosed with HF and reduced LVEF compared with HF and preserved LVEF, which are beginning to be better appreciated in epidemiological studies. A number of risk factors, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and diabetes, among others, have been identified that both predict the incidence of HF as well as its severity. In this Review, we discuss key features of the epidemiology and risk profile of HF.
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“Despite advancements in clinical management, MI and ischemic cardiomyopathy are among the leading causes of heart failure, associated morbidity, and death worldwide 3,4 and continue to impose staggering financial burden on healthcare systems 3,5-8 .”
From Targeting the Immune-Fibrosis Axis in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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Artificial Intelligence Based Automated Medical Imaging Analysis and Interpretation
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“Instead of using human input and expertise, AI-based systems employ massive volumes of labeled medical imaging data to train models that can locate cancers, fractures, and disease progression [6].”
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“The prevalence of HF depends on the definition used as well as on the age distribution of the population being assessed, but in Western countries it is estimated to affect ~1%–2% of the adult population, while the incidence rate is generally estimated to be 2–5/1,000 person-years.(4,7) A Swedish study conducted in pat…”
BackgroundBlood Pressure Variability and Risk of Heart Failure in ACCORD and the VADT
Nuyujukian, D. S., Koška, J., Bahn, G., Reaven, P. D., Zhou, J. J., & VADT Investigators (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2540 · Cited by 46
“There is substantial evidence that HF represents an increasing burden in those with type 2 diabetes (19).”
BackgroundLeebeek, F. W. G., & Muslem, R. (2019) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/hematology.2019000067 · Cited by 45
“35 million people suffer from this disease worldwide.(1,2) Despite the fact that heart transplantation remains the standard therapy for patients who progress to end-stage HF, only a limited number of patients eventually receive a donor heart.”
BackgroundAhmad, G. N., Shafiullah, Fatima, H., Abbas, M. A. E., Rahman, O., Imdadullah, A., & Alqahtani, M. S. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157449 · Cited by 67
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“8 million persons are affected [2, 3] while over 23-million individuals have been estimated to have HF worldwide [2].”
BackgroundImproving Quality of Care and Outcomes for Heart Failure - Role of Registries -
Fonarow, G. C. (2011) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-11-0582 · Cited by 45
Self-citationFeng, J., Li, S., & Chen, H. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.041 · Cited by 45
Wu, Q., Xiao, Y., Duan, M., Yuan, Y., Jiang, X., Yang, Z., Liao, H., Deng, W., & Tang, Q. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14164 · Cited by 45
“Initially, these alterations are adaptive responses to maintain cardiac function; however, under conditions of sustained stress and as time progresses, these changes become maladaptive, and the heart ultimately fails (Bui et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPersonalized immunosuppression in elderly renal transplant recipients
Peeters, L. E. J., Andrews, L. M., Hesselink, D. A., de Winter, B. C. M., & van Gelder, T. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.031 · Cited by 45
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Lee, Y., Kim, D. H., Kim, S. M., Kim, N. H., Choi, K. M., Baik, S. H., Park, Y. G., Han, K., & Yoo, H. J. (2020) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01051-2 · Cited by 44
“People with HF experience a high burden of debilitating symptoms, which limit their daily activities [3, 4].”
BackgroundThe impact of health education on treatment outcomes in heart failure patients
Świątoniowska-Lonc, N., Sławuta, A., Dudek, K. D., Jankowska, K., & Jankowska‐Polańska, B. (2020) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.17219/acem/115079 · Cited by 44
Remote Patient Monitoring in Heart Failure: Factors for Clinical Efficacy
Bhatia, A., & Maddox, T. M. (2020) · International Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.36628/ijhf.2020.0023 · Cited by 45
Financial Toxicity of Medical Management of Heart Failure
Sukumar, S., Wasfy, J. H., Januzzi, J. L., Peppercorn, J. M., Chino, F. L., & Warraich, H. J. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.402 · Cited by 45
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“Cardiac remodelling, including hypertrophy and fibrosis, is the major independent risk factor for heart failure, which usually develops in response to hypertension, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, and endocrine disorders [6, 26, 44].”
BackgroundControl of the Fluid Viscosity in a Mock Circulation
Boës, S., Ochsner, G., Amacher, R., Petrou, A., Meboldt, M., & Daners, M. S. (2017) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.12948 · Cited by 44
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Mortara, A., Vaira, L., Palmieri, V., Iacoviello, M., Battistoni, I., Iacovoni, A., Macera, F., Pasqualucci, D., Bochicchio, M. A., & Maria, R. D. (2020) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2019.11 · Cited by 44
“HF is a disease of the elderly: >80% of prevalent cases in the US and Europe are aged >65 years, with a median age at onset of 76 years.(16) Physical barriers, encompassing sensory, motor and cognitive changes related to normal ageing, and poor acceptance of the use of smartphones by the older population have been rep…”
BackgroundAlternative Splicing of NOX4 in the Failing Human Heart
Varga, Z. V., Pipicz, M., Baán, J. A., Baranyai, T., Koncsos, G., Leszek, P., Kuśmierczyk, M., Sánchez-Cabo, F., García-Pavía, P., Brenner, G. J., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00935 · Cited by 43
“In spite of an overall decrease in coronary artery disease-related mortality, the number of patients suffering from heart failure is increasing steeply in aging societies (Rich, 2001; Bui et al., 2011).”
BackgroundArtificial Muscles and Soft Robotic Devices for Treatment of End‐Stage Heart Failure
Weymann, A., Foroughi, J., Vardanyan, R., Punjabi, P. P., Schmack, B., Aloko, S., Spinks, G. M., Wang, C., Rad, A. A., & Ruhparwar, A. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202207390 · Cited by 44
Obesity: The Perfect Storm for Heart Failure
Lembo, M., Strisciuglio, T., Fonderico, C., Mancusi, C., Izzo, R., Trimarco, V., Bellis, A., Barbato, E., Esposito, G., Morisco, C., et al. (2024) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14641 · Cited by 51
Topological and electrical control of cardiac differentiation and assembly
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“About 23 million people worldwide suffer from HF, with the highest prevalence in the growing elderly population [18].”
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“This prospective single-center study was designed to include the most vulnerable patients admitted for acutely decompensated HF.”
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Palliative care in heart failure
Wiskar, K., Toma, M., & Rush, B. N. M. (2018) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2018.02.008 · Cited by 42
Bonnard, B., Pieronne-Deperrois, M., Djerada, Z., Moghrabi, S. E., Kolkhof, P., Ouvrard‐Pascaud, A., Mulder, P. G. H., Jaisser, F., & Messaoudi, S. (2018) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.06.008 · Cited by 43
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Current animal models for the study of congestion in heart failure: an overview
Cops, J., Haesen, S., Moor, B. D., Müllens, W., & Hansen, D. (2019) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-018-9762-4 · Cited by 43
Silvestrini, A., Bruno, C., Vergani, E., Venuti, A., Favuzzi, A. M. R., Guidi, F., Nicolotti, N., Meucci, E., Mordente, A., & Mancini, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210320 · Cited by 43
Nutrition in chronic heart failure patients: a systematic review
Bianchi, V. E. (2019) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-019-09891-1 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- Bui, A. L., Horwich, T. B., & Fonarow, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fonarow, Gregg C.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cardiology
- Published
- 2010-11-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-41
- ISSN
- 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5010
- PMC
- PMC3033496
- OpenAlex
- W1992644002
- Cited by
- 2,077
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart Failure Society of America
- Ahmanson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5k23hl085097-04)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K23HL085097, K23 HL085097, T32HL007895)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- heart failure, heart failure epidemiology, heart failure risk factors, heart failure prevalence, heart failure mortality, health care costs, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Assessment
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