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Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure
Open accessAbstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of over 5.8 million in the USA, and over 23 million worldwide, and rising. The lifetime risk of developing HF is one in five. Although promising evidence shows that the age-adjusted incidence of HF may have plateaued, HF still carries substantial morbidity and mortality, with 5-year mortality that rival those of many cancers. HF represents a considerable burden to the health-care system, responsible for costs of more than $39 billion annually in the USA alone, and high rates of hospitalizations, readmissions, and outpatient visits. HF is not a single entity, but a clinical syndrome that may have different characteristics depending on age, sex, race or ethnicity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) status, and HF etiology. Furthermore, pathophysiological differences are observed among patients diagnosed with HF and reduced LVEF compared with HF and preserved LVEF, which are beginning to be better appreciated in epidemiological studies. A number of risk factors, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and diabetes, among others, have been identified that both predict the incidence of HF as well as its severity. In this Review, we discuss key features of the epidemiology and risk profile of HF.
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“Despite advancements in clinical management, MI and ischemic cardiomyopathy are among the leading causes of heart failure, associated morbidity, and death worldwide 3,4 and continue to impose staggering financial burden on healthcare systems 3,5-8 .”
From Targeting the Immune-Fibrosis Axis in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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“According to several clinical observations, the 5-year survival rate of late stage HF is similar to that of some types of cancer [1], which is approximately 45–60% [2].”
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BackgroundInfluentialConsiderations to Model Heart Disease in Women with Preeclampsia and Cardiovascular Disease
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“At present, prevention and treatment of the underlying CVD factors remain the only way to treat HF, while its prevalence is estimated to have doubled from 27 million cases worldwide to over 50 million cases, with a 1 in 5 lifetime risk of developing heart HF [10, 14, 15].”
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“Over 23 million people worldwide suffer from heart failure (HF) [1].”
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Potential new drug treatments for congestive heart failure
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“It is estimated that more than 23 million people worldwide currently suffer from HF, and it is anticipated that this number will certainly increase in the future, particularly in developing countries.[1] In the United States alone, there are nearly 6 million HF patients, and roughly 1 million hospital admissions are a…”
BackgroundRehospitalization for heart failure in the elderly
Ogbemudia, E. J., & Asekhame, J. (2016) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2016.10.15259 · Cited by 16
The Three-Decade Long Journey in Heart Failure Drug Development
Lewis, K. S., Butler, J., Bauersachs, J. K., & Sandner, P. (2016) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2016_101 · Cited by 16
Can home care for homebound patients with chronic heart failure reduce hospitalizations and costs?
Punchik, B., Komarov, R. N., Gavrikov, D., Semenov, A., Freud, T., Kagan, E., Goldberg, Y., & Press, Y. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182148 · Cited by 16
Khoury, E. E., Kinaneh, S., Aronson, D., Amir, O., Ghanim, D., Volinsky, N., Azzam, Z. S., & Abassi, Z. A. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.24922 · Cited by 16
“Heart failure (HF) is endemic in the Western world with continuously rising incidence estimated to affect more than 23 million patients worldwide, especially among aging population [1, 2].”
BackgroundSnelder, S. M., Laat, L. E. D. G., Biter, L. U., Cabezas, M. C., van de Geijn, G., Birnie, E., Klerk, B. M. B., Klaassen, R. A., Zijlstra, F., & van Dalen, B. M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025585 · Cited by 16
“Significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiological consequences of obesity for the cardiovascular system have been made over the past two decades.(4) 5 Obesity is associated with diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and hypertension.”
BackgroundMetabolic Therapy in Heart Failure
Lopatin, Y. (2015) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2015.1.2.112 · Cited by 16
“Heart failure is currently one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, which makes it a major public health problem.(1,2) Traditionally, heart failure is considered a complex syndrome with several features, including abnormal myocardial function and excessive, continuous neurohumoral activation.”
BackgroundSDF1 gradient associates with the distribution of c-Kit+ cardiac cells in the heart
Renko, O., Tolonen, A., Rysä, J., Magga, J. M., Mustonen, E., Ruskoaho, H. J., & Serpi, R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19417-8 · Cited by 16
Patterns of comorbidities differentially impact on in-hospital outcomes in heart failure patients
Murru, V., Belfiori, E., Sestu, A., Casanova, A., Serra, C., & Scuteri, A. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06002-8 · Cited by 15
“%) than the younger population [1, 2].”
Weinstein, J. M., Greenberg, D., Sharf, A., & Simon‐Tuval, T. (2021) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13689 · Cited by 15
“The prevalence also increases markedly with age, and over 80% of those affected are older than 65.(3) Among those over 80 years old, almost 12% of both men and women have HF.”
BackgroundPaneroni, M., Scalvini, S., Corrà, U., Lovagnini, M., Maestri, R., Mazza, A., Raimondo, R., Agostoni, P., & Rovere, M. T. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.785501 · Cited by 15
Sequeira, S. B., & Boucher, H. R. (2022) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2022.11.009 · Cited by 15
Deep Learning in Cardiothoracic Ratio Calculation and Cardiomegaly Detection
Kufel, J., Paszkiewicz, I., Kocot, S., Lis, A., Dudek, P., Czogalik, Ł., Janik, M., Bargieł-Łączek, K., Bartnikowska, W., Koźlik, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144180 · Cited by 15
“Many of these are pathological conditions, which may lead to heart failure, resulting in up to a 50% five-year survival rate [10].”
BackgroundMcIlroy, D. R., Lin, E., & Durkin, C. (2015) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2015.01.009 · Cited by 15
Evolution of Renal Function after Partial and Full Mechanical Support for Chronic Heart Failure
Jacobs, S., Droogné, W., Waelbers, V., den Bossche, K. V., Bollen, H., Geens, J. H., Rega, F., Burkhoff, D., & Meyns, B. P. (2014) · The International Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.5301/ijao.5000326 · Cited by 15
“Heart failure is a major public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide (1).”
BackgroundStrauss, E., Supiński, W., Radziemski, A., Oszkinis, G., Pawlak, A. L., & Głuszek, J. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.213 · Cited by 15
Racial Disparities in Type of Heart Failure and Hospitalization
Lee, W., Serag, H., Ohsfeldt, R. L., Eschbach, K., Khalife, W. I., Morsy, M., Smith, K. D., & Raimer, B. G. (2018) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-018-0727-4 · Cited by 15
Zormpas, C., Müller‐Leisse, J., König, T., Schmitto, J. D., Veltmann, C., & Duncker, D. (2018) · Journal of Electrocardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.11.002 · Cited by 15
Sung, P., Luo, C., Chiang, J. Y., & Yip, H. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 15
Future Perspectives in Percutaneous Treatment of Tricuspid Regurgitation
Mangieri, A., Pagnesi, M., Regazzoli, D., Laricchia, A., Ho, E. C., Goldberg, Y. H., Chau, M. L., Gallo, F., Fisicaro, A., Khokhar, A. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.581211 · Cited by 15
Frailty of the Heart Recipient
Macdonald, P. S. (2021) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000003692 · Cited by 15
“Historically, access to heart transplant services was largely limited to younger patients <65 y of age who constitute <20% of the global heart failure population.(2) Over the years, the high success rate of heart transplantation has led to a progressive easing of the age restriction with the consequence that the poten…”
BackgroundPalliative Care for People Living With Heart Disease—Does Sex Make a Difference?
Sobański, P., Krajnik, M., & Goodlin, S. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.629752 · Cited by 16
“Heart failure (HF) is a global epidemic, having a complex epidemiology and an estimated prevalence of almost 38 million individuals globally (1, 2).”
BackgroundMarco, J. P., Barba, R., Matía‐Martín, P., Plaza, S., Méndez, M., Canora, J., & Zapatero, A. (2013) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2013.836079 · Cited by 15
Single amino acid polymorphism in aldehyde dehydrogenase gene superfamily
Doss, C. G. P. (2015) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/4313 · Cited by 15
Epac proteins: specific ligands and role in cardiac remodelling
Bisserier, M., Blondeau, J., & Lezoualc’h, F. (2014) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20140033 · Cited by 15
The potential role of lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3) on cardiac remodelling.
Jiang, D., Yi, X., Huo, B., Liu, X., Li, R. Q., Zhu, X., & Xiang, W. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 15
Liu, B., Ma, S., Wang, T., Zhao, C., Li, Y., Yin, J., Liu, C., Gao, C., Sun, L. V., Yue, W.-W., et al. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 15
ANMCO/SIC Consensus Document: cardiology networks for outpatient heart failure care
Aspromonte, N., Gulizia, M. M., Lenarda, A. D., Mortara, A., Battistoni, I., Maria, R. D., Gabriele, M., Iacoviello, M., Navazio, A., Pini, D., et al. (2017) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sux009 · Cited by 15
Givi, M., Shafie, D., Nouri, F., Garakyaraghi, M., Yadegarfar, G., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2018) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135550 · Cited by 15
Do, T. N. P., Huan, Q., Cowie, M., Ha, N. B., Dung, D. V., Hao, T., Nguyen, T. T. H., Tran, T. L., Nguyen, T. N. O., Nguyen, T. M. H., et al. (2019) · IJC Heart & Vasculature · doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.02.010 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Bui, A. L., Horwich, T. B., & Fonarow, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fonarow, Gregg C.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cardiology
- Published
- 2010-11-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-41
- ISSN
- 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5010
- PMC
- PMC3033496
- OpenAlex
- W1992644002
- Cited by
- 2,077
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart Failure Society of America
- Ahmanson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5k23hl085097-04)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K23HL085097, K23 HL085097, T32HL007895)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- heart failure, heart failure epidemiology, heart failure risk factors, heart failure prevalence, heart failure mortality, health care costs, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Assessment
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