Cited by 2,077Heart Failure Treatment and ManagementCardiovascular Function and Risk FactorsCardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling

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Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure

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Bui, Anh L., Horwich, Tamara B., Fonarow, Gregg C.·2011·Nature Reviews Cardiology

DOI 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.165PMC PMC3033496

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Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of over 5.8 million in the USA, and over 23 million worldwide, and rising. The lifetime risk of developing HF is one in five. Although promising evidence shows that the age-adjusted incidence of HF may have plateaued, HF still carries substantial morbidity and mortality, with 5-year mortality that rival those of many cancers. HF represents a considerable burden to the health-care system, responsible for costs of more than $39 billion annually in the USA alone, and high rates of hospitalizations, readmissions, and outpatient visits. HF is not a single entity, but a clinical syndrome that may have different characteristics depending on age, sex, race or ethnicity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) status, and HF etiology. Furthermore, pathophysiological differences are observed among patients diagnosed with HF and reduced LVEF compared with HF and preserved LVEF, which are beginning to be better appreciated in epidemiological studies. A number of risk factors, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and diabetes, among others, have been identified that both predict the incidence of HF as well as its severity. In this Review, we discuss key features of the epidemiology and risk profile of HF.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
Fosl1 is vital to heart regeneration upon apex resection in adult Xenopus tropicalis
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Review: Precision Medicine Approaches for Genetic Cardiomyopathy: Targeting Phospholamban R14del
Deiman, F. E., Bömer, N., van der Meer, P., & Beverborg, N. G. (2022) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-022-00558-x · Cited by 31
Blood pressure in heart failure management and prevention
Maeda, D., Dotare, T., Matsue, Y., TERAMOTO, K., Sunayama, T., Tromp, J., & Minamino, T. (2023) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-022-01158-x · Cited by 33
Multiplex Wearable Electrochemical Sensors Fabricated from Sodiated Polymers and Mxene Nanosheet To Measure Sodium and Creatinine Levels in Sweat
Kalasin, S., & Sangnuang, P. (2023) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.3c03469 · Cited by 31
Heart Failure and Obesity in Adults: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Management
Alpert, M., Agrawal, H., Aggarwal, K. B., Kumar, S., & Kumar, A. H. S. (2014) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-014-0197-5 · Cited by 30
Plasma Cardiotrophin‐1 Levels are Associated With Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Meta‐Analysis
Song, K., Wang, S., Huang, B., Luciano, A. K., Srivastava, R., & Mani, A. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12376 · Cited by 31
The Role of Outpatient Intravenous Diuretic Therapy in a Transitional Care Program for Patients With Heart Failure: A Case Series
Lazkani (2012) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.4021/jocmr1106w · Cited by 31
“This is increasing due to the aging population, and improved management of heart disease, although the age-adjusted incidence has plateaued [1].”
Background
A Meta-Analysis of the Therapeutic Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist in Heart Failure
Munaf, M., Pellicori, P., Allgar, V. L., & Wong, K. (2012) · International Journal of Peptides · doi:10.1155/2012/249827 · Cited by 31
“The lifetime risk of developing HF is one in five [2].”
Background
Role of Right Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Predicting Early and Long-Term Mortality in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Patients
Nagy, V. K., Széplaki, G., Apor, A., Kutyifa, V., Kovács, A. D., Kosztin, A., Becker, D. J., Boros, A. M., Gellér, L., & Merkely, B. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143907 · Cited by 31
Outcomes Following Heart Failure Hospitalization in a Regional Australian Setting Between 2005 and 2014
Al-Omary, M. S., Khan, A. A., Davies, A. J., Fletcher, P., McIvor, D., Bastian, B. C., Oldmeadow, C. J., Sverdlov, A. L., Attia, J., & Boyle, A. (2017) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12239 · Cited by 30
“be a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems in the coming years.(15)”
Background
CTRP12 ameliorates post-myocardial infarction heart failure through down-regulation of cardiac apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation by influencing the TAK1-p38 MAPK/JNK pathway
Bai, B., Ji, Z., Wang, F., Qin, C., Zhou, H., Li, D., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-023-01758-4 · Cited by 30
“Cardiac remodelling, including myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, is a vital element contributing to the occurrence and progression of HF [2].”
Background
Targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a new therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases
Parajuli, N., Ramprasath, T., Patel, V. B., Wang, W., Putko, B. N., Mori, J., & Oudit, G. Y. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2013-0488 · Cited by 30
“…than 20 million people are affected worldwide, with a 2% prevalence in developed countries, and a rising prevalence to ≥10% among persons over 70 years of age (Goncalves 1999; Schrier et al. 2000; Ecder et al. 2001; Murray-Thomas and Cowie 2003; Mosterd and Hoes 2007; Bui et al. 2011; Roger 2013).”
Background
Post-translational Modifications in Heart Failure: Small Changes, Big Impact
Lee, A., Oh, J. G., Gorski, P. A., Hajjar, R. J., & Kho, C. (2015) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2015.11.008 · Cited by 30
“Heart failure accounts for over one million hospitalisations, nearly 300,000 deaths, and approximately 40 billion dollars in Medicare expenses annually with five-year survival being less than 50% in the United States despite advances in pharmacological treatment and device therapy [1, 3, 4].”
Background
Macro advances in microRNAs and myocardial regeneration
Wang, J., & Martin, J. F. (2014) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000050 · Cited by 29
Predictive value of long-term changes of growth differentiation factor-15 over a 27-year-period for heart failure and death due to coronary heart disease
Fluschnik, N., Ojeda, F., Zeller, T., Jørgensen, T., Kuulasmaa, K., Becher, P. M., Sinning, C., Blankenberg, S., & Westermann, D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197497 · Cited by 30
“The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is steadily increasing with the growing elderly population with a current prevalence of over 23 million worldwide [1].”
Is Heart Failure Associated With Risk of Suicide?
Liu, C.-H., Wang, J., Weng, S., Cheng, Y.-H., Yeh, M., Bai, M., & Chang, J. (2018) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.07.006 · Cited by 30
Identification of Potential Gene Interactions in Heart Failure Caused by Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Huang, H., Luo, B., Wang, B., Wu, Q., Liang, Y., & He, Y. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.912984 · Cited by 30
“7 million individuals affected globally [1].”
The Economic Burden of Heart Failure in Denmark from 1998 to 2016
Bundgaard, J. S., Mogensen, U. M., Christensen, S., Ploug, U. J., Rørth, R., Ibsen, R., Kjellberg, J., & Køber, L. (2019) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.1577 · Cited by 30
The Dyadic Experience of Managing Heart Failure
Kim, J. S. R., Risbud, R. D., Gray, C. P., Banerjee, D., & TRIVEDI, R. B. (2019) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000605 · Cited by 32
“Heart failure is a deadly condition with a 5-year mortality rate estimated at 45% to 60%.(3) Unlike other cardiovascular diseases, HF is growing in prevalence because recent medical advances have improved the longevity of patients suffering cardiac events such as myocardial infarctions.”
Background
Global longitudinal strain can predict heart failure exacerbation in stable outpatients with ischemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Kaufmann, D., Szwoch, M., Kwiatkowska, J., Raczak, G., & Daniłowicz‐Szymanowicz, L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225829 · Cited by 28
“Coronary artery disease is a major risk factor for the incidence and decompensation of HF, which is the leading cause of hospitalizations, resulting in more than 1 million admissions in both the United States and Europe [3, 4].”
Background
Prognostic Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Heart Failure
Hakopian, N. N., Gharibian, D., & Nashed, M. M. (2019) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/18.273 · Cited by 30
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Is Associated With Left Ventricular Geometry and Heart Failure in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Li, X., Lin, Y., Wang, S., Zhou, S., Ju, J., Wang, X., Chen, Y., & Xia, M. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.016862 · Cited by 31
“1 Patients were diagnosed with HF if they met all of the following criteria: (1) typical symptoms or signs of heart failure; (2) elevated levels of NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) >125 pg/ mL; and (3) either relevant structural heart disease (LVH or left atrial enlargement [define as left atrial…”
BackgroundMethod
Red blood cell distribution width and all-cause mortality in congestive heart failure patients: a retrospective cohort study based on the Mimic-III database
Ji, X., & Ke, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1126718 · Cited by 30
“Discussion Individuals suffering from congestive heart failure (CHF) are in the end stages of cardiac disease and have a five-year survival rate equivalent to that of malignant tumor patients (18).”
Background
Resolution of sonographic B-lines as a measure of pulmonary decongestion in acute heart failure
Martindale, J. L. (2016) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2016.03.043 · Cited by 30
Standardization of 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine myocardial sympathetic activity imaging: phantom calibration and clinical applications
Nakajima, K., Verschure, D. O., Okuda, K., & Verberne, H. J. (2017) · Clinical and Translational Imaging · doi:10.1007/s40336-017-0230-2 · Cited by 30
“3 Conversion coefficients obtained in Japanese and European centers [16, 27] 258 Clin Transl Imaging (2017) 5:255–263”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The evolution of natriuretic peptide augmentation in management of heart failure and the role of sacubitril/valsartan
Yandrapalli, S., Aronow, W. S., Mondal, P., & Chabbott, D. R. (2017) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2017.68813 · Cited by 29
Continuity and utilization of health and community care in elderly patients with heart failure before and after hospitalization
Säfström, E., Jaarsma, T., & Strömberg, A. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0861-9 · Cited by 30
“Background Heart failure (HF) it is the end stage of several cardiac diseases, and an increasing number of people are diagnosed with HF worldwide [1].”
Background
Ischemic Stroke and Heart Failure: Facts and Numbers
Scherbakov, N., Hæusler, K. G., & Doehner, W. (2015) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12026 · Cited by 31
“year and belongs to one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide.(1) Shifting demographic patterns (ageing populations) and improved acute and chronic medical care account for the increasing numbers of patients with chronic HF, sustaining for extending periods in a state of”
Background
Prognostic significance of the triglyceride-glucose index for patients with ischemic heart failure after percutaneous coronary intervention
Sun, T., Huang, X., Zhang, B., Ma, M., Chen, Z., Zhao, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1100399 · Cited by 29
Trends in quality of care among patients with incident heart failure in Denmark 2003–2010: a nationwide cohort study
Nakano, A., Johnsen, S. P., Frederiksen, B., Svendsen, M. L., Agger, C., Schjødt, I., & Egstrup, K. (2013) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-391 · Cited by 29
“The decision of recording a patient in the registry is always made by a senior cardiologist to ensure the validity of the HF diagnosis [7,20].”
Top‐down mass spectrometry of cardiac myofilament proteins in health and disease
Peng, Y., Ayaz‐Güner, Ş., Yu, D., & Ge, Y. (2014) · PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS · doi:10.1002/prca.201400043 · Cited by 29
Direction of the Relationship Between Acceptance of Illness and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chronic Heart Failure Patients
Obiegło, M., Siennicka, A. E., Jankowska, E. A., & Danel, D. P. (2016) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000365 · Cited by 29
“Ewa A. Jankowska, MD Professor, Department of Cardiology, Centre for Heart Disease, Military Hospital, Wroclaw; Laboratory of the Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University; and Polish Academy of Sciences, Anthropology Unit in Wroclaw, Poland.”
BackgroundInfluential
‘heartfailurematters.org’, An Educational Website for Patients and Carers from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology: Objectives, use and Future Directions
Wagenaar, K. P., Rutten, F. H., Klompstra, L. V., Bhana, Y., Sieverink, F., Ruschitzka, F. T., Seferovic, P. M., Lainščak, M., Piepoli, M. F., Broekhuizen, B. D., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.917 · Cited by 29
“Homepage with subpages (number of pages within subpage) 1 Understanding heart failure (9) 2 What can your doctor do (8) 3 What can you do (6) 4 Living with heart failure (10) 5 For caregivers (7) 6 Warning signs (11) 7 FAQ (1) 8 Ask your doctor (11)”
Background
Biomarkers in Diagnosing and Treatment of Acute Heart Failure
Pourafkari, L., Tajlil, A., & Nader, N. D. (2019) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2019-0134 · Cited by 29
Identifying the Predictive Capability of Machine Learning Classifiers for Designing Heart Disease Detection System
Haq, A. U., Li, J., Khan, J., Memon, M. H., Parveen, S., Raji, M. F., Akbar, W., Ahmad, T., ULLAH, S., SHOISTA, L., et al. (2019) · International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP) · doi:10.1109/iccwamtip47768.2019.9067519 · Cited by 29
“One main cause of human death is heart disease (HD) worldwide which commonly occur when heart is not able to push enough quantity of oxidized fresh blood to remaining body [1].”
Background
Hemorheological Alterations in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Treated by Resveratrol
Gál, R., Praksch, D., Kenyeres, P., Rábai, M., Tóth, K., Halmosi, R., & Habon, T. (2020) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1155/2020/7262474 · Cited by 29
“Over the past few decades, numerous medical and device-based therapies have been developed for the management of heart failure; however, mortality remains high even in optimally treated patients [1].”
Background
Hospitalisation costs associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): a systematic review
Clark, H., Rana, R. H., Gow, J., Pearson, M. J., van der Touw, T., & Smart, N. A. (2021) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-021-10097-7 · Cited by 29
Integrative Analysis of Bulk and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Reveals Cell Types Involved in Heart Failure
Shi, X., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Xue, J., Liang, F., Ni, H.-W., Wang, X., Cai, Z., Shen, L.-H., Huang, T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.779225 · Cited by 29
Identification of FDA-approved drugs that induce heart regeneration in mammals
Ahmed, M. S., Nguyen, N. U. N., Nakada, Y., Hsu, C., Farag, A., Lam, N. T., Wang, P., Thet, S., Menendez-Montes, I., Elhelaly, W. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-024-00450-y · Cited by 30
“Heart failure is a devastating disease affecting close to 30 million patients worldwide 1 , and, thus, finding effective therapies for heart failure is a major public health goal.”
Platelet Activating Factor in Heart Failure: Potential Role in Disease Progression and Novel Target for Therapy
Detopoulou, P., Nomikos, T., Fragopoulou, E., Chrysohoou, C. A., & Antonopoulou, S. (2013) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-013-0131-2 · Cited by 29
“Despite the development of state-of-the art pharmacological agents, the incidence of HF increases at alarming rates [2], implying that several aspects of its pathophysiology remain undertreated.”
Background
Alteration of the gut microbiome in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, J., Lin, Y., Ding, X., Lin, S., Li, X., Yan, W., & Chen, M. (2024) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106647 · Cited by 32
Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in insulin-resistant rats with myocardial infarction
Apaijai, N., Inthachai, T., Lekawanvijit, S., Chattipakorn, S. C., & Chattipakorn, N. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-16-0096 · Cited by 28
“Heart failure is a major health problem that can be found in over 23 million people worldwide (Bui et al. 2011).”
Background
Overexpression of A kinase interacting protein 1 attenuates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury but does not influence heart failure development
Booij, H. G., Yu, H., de Boer, R. A., van de Kolk, C. W. A., van de Sluis, B., van Deursen, J. M., van Gilst, W. H., Silljé, H. H. W., & Westenbrink, B. D. (2016) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvw161 · Cited by 28
“Heart failure constitutes a major public health problem with a lifetime risk of 20–30% to develop this disease.(1,2) While treatment and survival of heart failure have improved over the past decades, morbidity and mortality for heart failure still exceed those of most malignancies.”
Background
Novel Use of Low-dose Thalidomide in Refractory Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients
Seng, J. J. B., Teo, L. L., Chan, L. L., Sim, D. K. L., Kerk, K. L., Soon, J. L., Tan, T. E., Sivathasan, C., & Lim, C. P. (2017) · The International Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.5301/ijao.5000620 · Cited by 28
“Heart failure has become a global pandemic affecting approximately 26 million adults worldwide (1).”
Background
Troponin in Heart Failure
Shah, K., Maisel, A. S., & Fonarow, G. C. (2017) · Heart Failure Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2017.08.007 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
The contribution of comorbidities to mortality in hospitalized patients with heart failure
Riedel, O., Ohlmeier, C., Enders, D., Elsässer, A., Vizcaya, D., Michel, A., Eberhard, S., Schlothauer, N. I., Berg, J., & Garbe, E. (2018) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-018-1210-x · Cited by 28

Authors: Bui, A. L., Horwich, T. B., & Fonarow, G. C.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Fonarow, Gregg C.
ORCID: Horwich, Tamara B.
Fonarow, Gregg C.
Venue: Nature Reviews Cardiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-11-09
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 30-41
ISSN: 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
1759-5010
DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.165
PMC: PMC3033496
OpenAlex: W1992644002
Cited by: 2,077
References: 144
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 169 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 6.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Heart Failure Society of America
Ahmanson Foundation
National Institutes of Health (5k23hl085097-04)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K23HL085097, K23 HL085097, T32HL007895)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
Keywords: heart failure, heart failure epidemiology, heart failure risk factors, heart failure prevalence, heart failure mortality, health care costs, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Assessment

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Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure

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