Inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease: a route to targeted therapies
Open accessAbstract
Inflammatory processes are firmly established as central to the development and complications of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers have been shown to be predictive of future cardiovascular events. The specific targeting of these processes in experimental models has been shown to attenuate myocardial and arterial injury, reduce disease progression, and promote healing. However, the translation of these observations and the demonstration of clear efficacy in clinical practice have been disappointing. A major limitation might be that tools currently used to measure 'inflammation' are insufficiently precise and do not provide information about disease site and activity, or discriminate between functionally important activation pathways. The challenge, therefore, is to make measures of inflammation that are more meaningful, and which can guide specific targeted therapies. In this Review, we consider the roles of inflammatory processes in the related pathologies of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction, by providing an evaluation of the known and emerging inflammatory pathways. We highlight contemporary techniques to characterize and quantify inflammation, and consider how they might be used to guide specific treatments. Finally, we discuss emerging opportunities in the field, including their current limitations and challenges that are the focus of ongoing study.
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Inflammageing is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
“Inflammageing is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and clinical trials suggest that this association is causal.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
Inflammageing is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, depression, dementia, and sarcopenia.
“Inflammageing is also a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, depression, dementia, and sarcopenia, but whether modulating inflammation beneficially affects the clinical course of non-CVD health problems is controversial.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
Epidemiological studies have found inflammageing is a risk factor for CVD, cancer, chronic kidney disease, dementia, depression, multimorbidity, mobility disability, ADL disability, sarcopenia, frailty, and premature death.
“Epidemiological studies have found that inflammageing is a risk factor for CVD, cancer, chronic kidney disease, dementia, and depression as well for global indicators of poor health status, such as multimorbidity, mobility disability and disability in activities of daily living, sarcopenia, frailty, and premature death9–19.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
Innate and adaptive immune activation drives atherogenesis from early endothelial dysfunction to acute thrombotic complications.
“Activation of both innate and adaptive immunity actively contributes to the initiation and progression of atherogenesis, from early endothelial dysfunction to the development of acute thrombotic complications”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
Increased numbers of leukocytes and monocytes assessed once in the morning following 2 days of continuous wakefulness in healthy young men normalized after a single night of recovery sleep compared with control sleepers.
“increased numbers of leukocytes and monocytes assessed once in the morning following 2 days of continuous wakefulness in healthy young men normalized after a single night of recovery sleep compared with control sleepers”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [480]
Increases in CD4 T cells remained elevated even after three nights of recovery sleep.
“increases in CD4 T cells remained elevated even after three nights of recovery sleep”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [480]
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Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty
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“Controls where recruited from different clinics, sometimes from neurological department: in post-mortem studies the main cause of death for controls was cardiovascular diseases which are also associated with altered inflammatory processes (Ruparelia et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAssociations of Adiposity, Circulating Protein Biomarkers, and Risk of Major Vascular Diseases
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Obesity accelerates cardiovascular ageing
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- Authors
- Ruparelia, N., Chai, J. T., Fisher, E. A., & Choudhury, R. P.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Choudhury, Robin P.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cardiology
- Published
- 2016-12-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 133-144
- ISSN
- 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5010
- PMC
- PMC5525550
- OpenAlex
- W4320301265
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 19
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2017-03-16)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (PG/12/46/29673)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF15SA0018486)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00266X/1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL084312, P01HL092969, R01HL129433)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biomarkers in Disease Mechanisms
- Keywords
- inflammation, atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, inflammatory signaling, inflammatory markers, inflammation quantification, targeted therapy, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Inflammation, Myocardial Infarction, Biomarkers, Atherosclerosis, Drug Discovery
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