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Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications
Abstract
Globally, the number of people with diabetes mellitus has quadrupled in the past three decades, and diabetes mellitus is the ninth major cause of death. About 1 in 11 adults worldwide now have diabetes mellitus, 90% of whom have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Asia is a major area of the rapidly emerging T2DM global epidemic, with China and India the top two epicentres. Although genetic predisposition partly determines individual susceptibility to T2DM, an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle are important drivers of the current global epidemic; early developmental factors (such as intrauterine exposures) also have a role in susceptibility to T2DM later in life. Many cases of T2DM could be prevented with lifestyle changes, including maintaining a healthy body weight, consuming a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking and drinking alcohol in moderation. Most patients with T2DM have at least one complication, and cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. This Review provides an updated view of the global epidemiology of T2DM, as well as dietary, lifestyle and other risk factors for T2DM and its complications.
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“T2DM accounts for approximately 90–95% of diabetes mellitus cases worldwide26.”
From The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults (2025) · cites this paper as [26]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Published
- 2017-12-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 88-98
- ISSN
- 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5037
- OpenAlex
- W2774743973
- Cited by
- 5,697
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 476 · 2025: 771 · 2024: 926 · 2023: 899 · 2022: 858 · 2021: 781 · 2020: 596 · 2019: 302 · 2018: 79
- FWCI
- 38.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, global epidemiology, diabetes complications, cardiovascular complications, risk factors, dietary risk factors, lifestyle risk factors, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, genetic susceptibility, prenatal exposure, diabetes prevention, body weight, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mortality, Asia
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Humans, Life Style, Morbidity, Risk Factors, Global Health, Disease Management, Diabetes Complications
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