The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system
Open accessAbstract
Viral infections are a major cause of human disease. Although most viruses replicate in peripheral tissues, some have developed unique strategies to move into the nervous system, where they establish acute or persistent infections. Viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can alter homeostasis, induce neurological dysfunction and result in serious, potentially life-threatening inflammatory diseases. This Review focuses on the strategies used by neurotropic viruses to cross the barrier systems of the CNS and on how the immune system detects and responds to viral infections in the CNS. A special emphasis is placed on immune surveillance of persistent and latent viral infections and on recent insights gained from imaging both protective and pathogenic antiviral immune responses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Viral infections in general downregulate TJ proteins and promote chemokine production and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in brain endothelial cells, thereby weakening the BBB and facilitating entry into the brain (5, 212, 399, 613).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [399]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy
Denk, W., Strickler, J. H., & Webb, W. W. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2321027 · Cited by 9,488
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175
ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo
Davalos, D., Grutzendler, J., Yang, G., Kim, J. V., Zuo, Y., Jung, S., Littman, D. R., Dustin, M. L., & Gan, W.-B. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1472 · Cited by 3,913
Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection
Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., Schacker, T. W., Asher, T. E., Silvestri, G., Rao, S., Kazzaz, Z., Bornstein, E., Lambotte, O., Altmann, D., et al. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1511 · Cited by 3,559
Pericytes regulate the blood–brain barrier
Armulik, A., Genové, G., Mäe, M., Nisancioglu, M. H., Wallgard, E., Niaudet, C., He, L., Norlin, J., Lindblom, P., Strittmatter, K., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09522 · Cited by 2,843
Antiviral Actions of Interferons
Samuel, C. E. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.4.778-809.2001 · Cited by 2,743
Control of Viremia in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by CD8 + Lymphocytes
Schmitz, J. E., Kuroda, M. J., Santra, S., Sasseville, V. G., Simon, M. A., Lifton, M. A., Rácz, P., Tenner‐Racz, K., Dalesandro, M. R., Scallon, B. J., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5403.857 · Cited by 2,167
Pericytes are required for blood–brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis
Daneman, R., Zhou, L., Kebede, A. A., & Barres, B. A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09513 · Cited by 2,128
The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular nucleotides
Haynes, S. E., Hollopeter, G., Yang, G., Kurpius, D., Dailey, M. E., Gan, W.-B., & Julius, D. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1805 · Cited by 1,542
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Tyler, K. L. Emerging viral infections of the central nervous system: part 1. Arch. Neurol. 66, 939–948 (2009).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back
Sweeney, M. D., Zhao, Z., Montagne, A., Nelson, A. R., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00050.2017 · Cited by 2,312
Microglia development and function
Nayak, D., Roth, T. L., & McGavern, D. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120240 · Cited by 1,154
Self-citationStrategies for delivering therapeutics across the blood–brain barrier
Terstappen, G. C., Meyer, A. H., Bell, R. D., & Zhang, W. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00139-y · Cited by 1,138
Desforges, M., Le Coupanec, A., Dubeau, P., Bourgouin, A., Lajoie, L., Dubé, M., & Talbot, P. J. (2019) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12010014 · Cited by 1,048
Revisiting the Mechanisms of CNS Immune Privilege
Louveau, A., Harris, T. H., & Kipnis, J. (2015) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.08.006 · Cited by 682
Metadata
- Authors
- McGavern, D. B., & Kang, S. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGavern, Dorian B.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2011-04-21
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 318-329
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC5001841
- OpenAlex
- W2059369279
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 061447-01, F32NS061447, ZIANS003111)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- neurotropic viruses, viral persistence, viral latency, antiviral immunity, immune surveillance, neuroinflammation, viral neuroinfection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Capillary Permeability, Central Nervous System, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Viruses, Virus Latency, Peripheral Nervous System, Central Nervous System Viral Diseases, Blood-Nerve Barrier, Virus Internalization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
