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Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion
Open accessAbstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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“Other situations of chronic antigen stimulation, such as cancer or chronic viral infections, result in T cell exhaustion, characterized by the progressive loss of cytokine expression, proliferative potential, and upregulation of inhibitory receptors (immune checkpoints).”
From Autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells acquire an exhausted phenotype and persist in human antigen-specific autoimmune diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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“Exhaustion can be partially reversed by immune checkpoint inhibitors, providing the basis for successful therapies against cancer. 32,33”
From Autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells acquire an exhausted phenotype and persist in human antigen-specific autoimmune diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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“In TME, prolonged antigen exposure leads to T cell exhaustion, marked by losing effector functions.”
From Contrasting cytotoxic and regulatory T cell responses underlying distinct clinical outcomes to anti-PD-1 plus lenvatinib therapy in cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“cells with an exhaustion signature (denoted exhausted, fig. S3B) overexpressing the Lag3, Tbc1d4, Sostdc1, and Tnfsf8 genes (22, 31)”
From Aging promotes reorganization of the CD4 T cell landscape toward extreme regulatory and effector phenotypes (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wherry, E. J., & Kurachi, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wherry, E. John
- Kurachi, Makoto
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2015-07-24
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 486-499
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC4889009
- OpenAlex
- W1910012553
- Cited by
- 4,652
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 563 · 2025: 494 · 2024: 518 · 2023: 508 · 2022: 517 · 2021: 551 · 2020: 441 · 2019: 381 · 2018: 306 · 2017: 227 · 2016: 129 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 21.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN266200500030C)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN266200500030C, AI 082630, R01AI105343, AI095608, AI105343, AI112521, P01AI112521, U01AI095608, U19AI082630)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Keywords
- T cell exhaustion, chronic viral infection, cancer immunotherapy, inhibitory receptors, persistent antigen, inflammatory signals, transcriptional programs, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Infections, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Transcription, Genetic, Virus Diseases, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Clonal Anergy, CD57 Antigens, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
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