Cited by 1,776Skin and Cellular Biology ResearchCell death mechanisms and regulationGenetic and rare skin diseases.

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The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin

Candi, Eleonora, Schmidt, Rainer, Melino, Gerry·2005·Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

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Abstract

The epidermis functions as a barrier against the environment by means of several layers of terminally differentiated, dead keratinocytes - the cornified layer, which forms the endpoint of epidermal differentiation and death. The cornified envelope replaces the plasma membrane of differentiating keratinocytes and consists of keratins that are enclosed within an insoluble amalgam of proteins, which are crosslinked by transglutaminases and surrounded by a lipid envelope. New insights into the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of cornification are increasing our understanding of the pathological defects of this unique form of programmed cell death, which is associated with barrier malfunctions and ichthyosis.

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Authors: Candi, E., Schmidt, R., & Melino, G.
Affiliations: University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
L'Oréal (France) (FR)
Corresponding author: Melino, Gerry
ORCID: Candi, Eleonora
Melino, Gerry
Venue: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-04
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 328-340
ISSN: 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
1471-0080
DOI: 10.1038/nrm1619
OpenAlex: W2005630031
Cited by: 1,776
References: 216
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 110 · 2012: 98
FWCI: 5.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Genetic and rare skin diseases.
Keywords: cornified envelope, keratinization, keratinocytes, epidermal differentiation, programmed cell death, keratin, transglutaminase cross-linking, skin barrier, ichthyosis, skin barrier dysfunction
MeSH terms: Epidermal Cells, Filaggrin Proteins, Animals, Cell Adhesion, Cell Differentiation, Epidermis, Humans, Intermediate Filament Proteins, Membrane Proteins, Protein Precursors, Transglutaminases, Substrate Specificity, Apoptosis, Genetic Diseases, Inborn

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The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin

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