Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma: An Investigation of Overweight and Obese Adults
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study examined experiences of weight stigmatization, sources of stigma, coping strategies, psychological functioning, and eating behaviors in a sample of 2671 overweight and obese adults. Research Methods and Procedures: The total sample was partitioned into two subsamples for investigation. Sample I was comprised of 2449 adult women, and Sample II was a matched sample of adult men and women (N = 222) that was disaggregated to investigate gender differences. Both samples completed an online battery of self‐report questionnaires measuring frequency of weight stigmatization and coping responses to deal with bias, the most common sources of the bias, symptoms of depression, self‐esteem, attitudes about weight and obesity, and binge eating behaviors. Results: Experiences of weight stigmatization, in many forms and across multiple occasions, was common in both samples. A variety of coping strategies were used in response. More frequent exposure to stigma was related to more attempts to cope and higher BMI. Physicians and family members were the most frequent sources of weight bias reported. No gender differences were observed in types or frequency of stigmatization. Frequency of stigmatization was not related to current psychological functioning, although coping responses were associated with emotional well‐being. Discussion: These findings raise questions about the relationship between stigma and psychological functioning and have important implications for obesity treatment and stigma reduction intervention efforts, both of which are discussed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Individuals with obesity are disproportionately affected by societal stigma and often face bias from healthcare professionals.
“Additionally, individuals with obesity are disproportionately affected by societal stigma and often face bias from healthcare professionals [11, 12, 13, 14].”
From A Qualitative Analysis of Patient Experiences Using Semaglutide 2.4 mg for Weight Loss (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,679 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507 · see citing works
(1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565682010-001 · Cited by 9,452 · see citing works
Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.108 · Cited by 2,119 · see citing works
Self-citationPrejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest.
Crandall, C. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.882 · Cited by 1,392 · see citing works
Greeno, C. G., & Wing, R. R. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.444 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Weight Bias among Health Professionals Specializing in Obesity
Schwartz, M. B., Chambliss, H. O., Brownell, K. D., Blair, S. N., & Billington, C. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.142 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Self-citationGetting Worse: The Stigmatization of Obese Children
Latner, J. D., & Stunkard, A. J. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.61 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Primary Care Physicians’ Attitudes about Obesity and Its Treatment
Foster, G. D., Wadden, T. A., Makris, A. P., Davidson, D., Sanderson, R. S., Allison, D. B., & Kessler, A. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.161 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Carr, D., & Friedman, M. A. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600303 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Lyons, R., Mickelson, K. D., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Coyne, J. C. (1998) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407598155001 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: is anyone immune?
Teachman, B., & Kd, B. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801745 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Obesity stigmatization and coping: Relation to mental health symptoms, body image, and self-esteem
Myers, A., & Rosen, J. C. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800765 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Teachman, B. A., Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., Rawlins, M. P., & Jeyaram, S. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.22.1.68 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Self-citationWeight bias: nature, consequences, and remedies
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-4971 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Yanovski, S. Z., Nelson, J. E., Dubbert, B. K., & Spitzer, R. L. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.10.1472 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Thin is good, fat is bad: How early does it begin?
Cramer, P., & Steinwert, T. (1998) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(99)80049-5 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Weighing the care: physicians' reactions to the size of a patient
Hebl, M., & Xu, J. M. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801681 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Weight Stigmatization and Ideological Beliefs: Relation to Psychological Functioning in Obese Adults
Friedman, K. E., Reichmann, S. K., Costanzo, P. R., Zelli, A., Ashmore, J. A., & Musante, G. J. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.105 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
WEIGHT‐BASED DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
Roehling, M. V. (1999) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00186.x · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Teachman, B. A., Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., et al. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.1.68 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Self-citationHaines, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Eisenberg, M. E., & Hannan, P. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1242 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Gender and coping: The dual‐axis model of coping
Hobfoll, S. E., Dunahoo, C. L., Ben‐Porath, Y. S., & Monnier, J. (1994) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02506817 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Ways of coping with obesity stigma: review and conceptual analysis
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2003) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(02)00096-x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity — Its Possible Effect on College Acceptance
Canning, H., & Mayer, J. (1966) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196611242752107 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Family Practice Physicians’ Beliefs, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Obesity
Price, J. H., Desmond, S. M., Krol, R. A., Snyder, F. F., & O’Connell, J. K. (1987) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)31234-0 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Body weight and health care among women in the general population.
Fontaine, K. R., Faith, M., Allison, D. B., & Cheskin, L. J. (1998) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.7.4.381 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Physician Attitudes toward Managing Obesity: Differences among Six Specialty Groups
Kristeller, J. L., & Hoerr, R. A. (1997) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1997.0171 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Jackson, T. D., Grilo, C. M., & Masheb, R. M. (2000) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2000.56 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Overweight women delay medical care
Olson, C. (1994) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.3.10.888 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Obesity stigma reduction in medical students.
Wiese, H. J., Wilson, J., Jones, R., & Neises, M. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Effects of Obesity on the Clinical Judgments of Mental Health Professionals
Young, L. M., & Powell, B. (1985) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136755 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Identification of Body Build Stereotypes in Young Children
Brylinsky, J. A., & Moore, J. C. (1994) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1994.1014 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Practice nurses’ beliefs about obesity and weight related interventions in primary care
Hoppé, R., & Ogden, J. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800379 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Mistreatment Due to Weight: Prevalence and Sources of Perceived Mistreatment in Women and Men
Falkner, N. H., French, S. A., Jeffery, R. W., et al. (1999) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00716.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Anorexia nervosa “restricters” who purge: Implications for subtyping anorexia nervosa
Garner, D. M., Garner, M. V., & Rosen, L. W. (1993) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199303)13:2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Stigma of Obesity: What About Men?
Hebl, M. R., & Turchin, J. M. (2005) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2703_8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Web-Based Intervention for Changing Attitudes of Obesity among Current and Future Teachers
Hague, A. L., & White, A. A. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60017-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Shape up or ship out? Employment discrimination against the overweight
Paul, R. J., & Townsend, J. B. (1995) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf02621279 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bellizzi, J. A., Klassen, M. L., & Belonax, J. J. (1989) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1989.69.2.419 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Perceptions of Salespersons' Appearance and Evaluation of Job Performance
Jasper, C. R., & Klassen, M. L. (1990) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1990.71.2.563 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Weight Bias in a Child's World.
Latner, J. D., Schwartz, M. B., Brownell, K. D., et al. (2005) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationResponsibilities of nursing education: The lessons of Russell v Salve Regina
Weiler, K., & Helms, L. B. (1993) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/8755-7223(93)90064-j · Cited by 19 · see citing works
L-tryptophan does not affect food intake during recovery from depression
Russ, M. J., Ackerman, S. H., Banay‐Schwartz, M., Shindledecker, R. D., & Smith, G. P. (1991) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199109)10:5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Allison DB, Basile VC, Yuker HE. The measurement of attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons. Int J Eating Disord. 1991;10:599 -607.
- Spitzer RL, Yanovski S, Wadden T, et al. Binge eating disorder: its further validation in a multisite study. Int J Eating Disord. 1993;13:137-53.
- Yanovski SZ, Nelson JE, Dubbert BK, Spitzer RL. Asso- ciation of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1472-9.
- Hobfoll SE, Dunahoo CL, Ben-Porath Y, Monnier J. Gen- der and coping: a dual-axis model of coping. Am J Community Psychol. 1994;22:49 -82.
- Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma, Puhl and Brownell OBESITY Vol. 14 No. 10 October 2006 1815 1930739x, 2006, 10, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2006.208, Wiley Online Library on [12/07/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636 · Cited by 3,323 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report
Swinburn, B. A., Kraak, V. I., Allender, S., Atkins, V. J., Baker, P. I., Bogard, J. R., Brinsden, H., Calvillo, A., De Schutter, O., Devarajan, R., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32822-8 · Cited by 3,081 · see citing works
Puhl, R. M., Andreyeva, T., & Brownell, K. D. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.22 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Self-citationWeight stigma is stressful. A review of evidence for the Cyclic Obesity/Weight-Based Stigma model
Tomiyama, A. J. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.108 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Evidence for prospective associations among depression and obesity in population‐based studies
Faith, M. S., Butryn, M., Wadden, T. A., Fabricatore, A., Nguyen, A. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00843.x · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Mannan, M., Mamun, A., Doi, S., & Clavarino, A. (2016) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.12.008 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Mensinger, J. L., Tylka, T. L., & Calamari, M. E. (2018) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.03.001 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Effective strategies in ending weight stigma in healthcare
Talumaa, B., Brown, A., Batterham, R. L., & Kalea, A. Z. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13494 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Weight stigma in maternity care: women’s experiences and care providers’ attitudes
Mulherin, K., Miller, Y. D., Barlow, F. K., Diedrichs, P. C., & Thompson, R. (2013) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-19 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“There is a demonstrated detrimental impact of negative weight-related health treatment, and weight stigma more broadly, on psychosocial wellbeing [3,4,33] and health behaviours [5,7].”
BackgroundA review of the psychosocial aspects of clinically severe obesity and bariatric surgery.
Sarwer, D. B., & Heinberg, L. J. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000550 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript with a mental health professional (Puhl & Brownell, 2006).”
MethodPerceived Weight Discrimination and 10-Year Risk of Allostatic Load Among US Adults
Vadiveloo, M., & Mattei, J. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9831-7 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Weight Stigma and Barriers to Effective Obesity Care
Puhl, R. M. (2023) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2023.02.002 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationCanine and feline obesity: A One Health perspective
Sandøe, P., Palmer, C., Corr, S., Astrup, A., & Bjørnvad, C. R. (2014) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.g7521 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Alberga, A. S., Russell-Mayhew, S., von Ranson, K. M., & McLaren, L. (2016) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-016-0112-4 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Thedinga, H. K., Zehl, R., & Thiel, A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10565-7 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The experience of weight stigma among gym members with overweight and obesity.
Schvey, N. A., Sbrocco, T., Bakalar, J. L., Ress, R., Barmine, M., Gorlick, J., Pine, A., Stephens, M., & Tanofsky-Kraff, M. (2017) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000062 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wadsworth, T., & Pendergast, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146514533347 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Raves, D. M., Brewis, A., Trainer, S., Han, S.-Y., & Wutich, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01497 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mensinger, J. L., & Meadows, A. (2017) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.01.010 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Pickett, A. C., & Cunningham, G. B. (2017) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2016.1145129 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Weight discrimination and unhealthy eating-related behaviors
Sutin, A., Robinson, E., Daly, M., & Terracciano, A. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.016 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Major, B., Rathbone, J. A., Blodorn, A., & Hunger, J. M. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220903184 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-compassion in weight management: A systematic review
Brenton-Peters, J., Consedine, N. S., Boggiss, A., Wallace-Boyd, K., Roy, R., & Serlachius, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110617 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Weight Shame, Social Connection, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Adolescence
Brewis, A. A., & Bruening, M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15050891 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gender, Excessive Body Weight, and Psychological Well-Being in Adulthood
Bookwala, J., & Boyar, J. (2008) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00423.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gallagher, C., Corl, A., & Dietz, W. H. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23154 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Weight Bias Internalization: The Maladaptive Effects of Moral Condemnation on Intrinsic Motivation
Täuber, S., Gausel, N., & Flint, S. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01836 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Welzel, F. D., Bär, J., Stein, J., Löbner, M., Pabst, A., Luppa, M., Grochtdreis, T., Kersting, A., Blüher, M., Luck-Sikorski, C., et al. (2021) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-021-01404-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mensinger, J. L., Cox, S. A., & Henretty, J. R. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000962 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jach, Ł., & Krystoń, S. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12047 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Qualitative Analysis of Patient Experiences Using Semaglutide 2.4 mg for Weight Loss
Plenn, E., Amin, D., Henry, J., Leavitt, G., Walker, J., & Soleymani, T. (2025) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.70085 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Puhl, Rebecca M.
- ORCID
- Puhl, Rebecca M.
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1802-1815
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- OpenAlex
- W2069197624
- Cited by
- 1,041
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 57.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- weight stigma, overweight adults, coping strategies, physicians, family members, binge eating, depression, self-esteem, gender differences, emotional well-being, stigma reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Multivariate Analysis, Overweight
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review