Self-reported body weight and weight-related stigmatization experiences among young adult women—two contexts, but similar attitudes related to body image, mental self -schemas, self-esteem, and stereotypes of people with obesity
Open accessAbstract
Background Weight stigma is a serious challenge because of its negative impact on human health and harmful psychological and behavioral consequences. The aim of the study was to explore and compare the relationships between self-reported body weight and weight-related stigmatization experiences and body image, mental self-image, self-esteem, and stereotypes concerning people with obesity among young adult Polish women ( N = 374; aged between 18 and 35). Methods The study was conducted online on a Polish sample recruited through a social network site, a website, and snowball sampling. Body mass index (BMI) was used to assign the respondents to groups with normal or excess weight. We tested whether women enrolled in the study experienced weight-related stigmatization using two questions based on the concepts of spoiled identity and related to the obesity stigma. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale was used to study different aspects of the body image and discrepancies between them. The Self-Discrepancy Questionnaire was used to study the self-schemas associated with mental qualities. The Polish version of the Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale was applied to determine self-esteem level. Stereotypes concerning people with obesity were studied using the semantic differential method. Results Although excess weight was associated with weight-related stigmatization experiences, many women reported confronting such stigmatization even though their body weight was normal according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Women with excess weight and women with weight-related stigmatization experiences were characterized by larger discrepancies between the actual body image and the ideal , reflected , and ought body image, lower self-esteem, and more negative beliefs about their mental actual and reflected self compared to women with normal weight and without weight-related stigmatization experiences. The study participants from all groups tended to believe their actual body image to be ampler than the ideal and the ought body images. They also believed that other people perceived their mental qualities more positively than they did. The study groups were also characterized by negative stereotypes of people with obesity, although these stereotypes were more vital in women with excess weight and women who experienced weight-related stigmatization. Conclusion The study shows the similarity between psychological functioning of women with self-reported excess weight and those who experience weight-related stigma. The results also provide guidelines for practical actions aimed at reducing negative mental outcomes associated with not conforming to body weight standards.
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The perceived shortfall in meeting height standards can result in significant psychological distress for shorter men, including lowered confidence, heightened self-consciousness, and social avoidance.
“The perceived shortfall in meeting these standards can result in significant psychological distress for shorter men, manifesting as lowered confidence, heightened self-consciousness, and, in some cases, social avoidance [86].”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that falling short of perceived standards can be associated with shame and depressed mood. The paper studies body weight and body image among young adult women; it does not establish effects of height standards on shorter men or report lowered confidence, heightened self-consciousness, or social avoidance in that population. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHeight biases can extend into romantic relationships, professional opportunities, and social interactions, where height is mistakenly equated with capability and charisma.
“The impact of these societal biases can extend into various life domains, including romantic relationships, professional opportunities, and social interactions, where height is mistakenly equated with capability and charisma.”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
The Discussion (Body image, mental self-schemas, and self-esteem; page unavailable) addresses body shape and perceived attractiveness to potential partners, not height. Searches for height, stature, professional opportunities, capability, and charisma found no passage addressing the claimed height bias. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor men, the societal premium on taller stature intertwines with deeper societal perceptions of authority, strength, and desirability.
“For men, the societal premium on taller stature extends beyond mere aesthetic preference; it intertwines with deeper societal perceptions of authority, strength, and desirability.”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
The Discussion section on body image concerns young adult women’s body shape and perceived appearance standards, not a preference for taller men. Searches for men’s height, authority, strength, and desirability found no passage in our copy addressing the claim; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Jach, Ł., & Krystoń, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Silesia in Katowice (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Jach, Łukasz
- ORCID
- Jach, Łukasz
- Venue
- PeerJ
- Publisher
- PeerJ
- Published
- 2021-09-27
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- e12047
- ISSN
- 2167-8359 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8483002
- OpenAlex
- W3202151094
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PeerJ (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- weight stigma, body image, self-esteem, self-schemas, overweight, young adult women, spoiled identity, self-discrepancy, ideal body image
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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