The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report
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Additional co-authors: Prof Corinna Hawkes PhD, Mario Herrero PhD, Prof Peter S Hovmand PhD, Prof Mark Howden PhD, Lindsay M Jaacks PhD, Ariadne B Kapetanaki PhD, Matt Kasman PhD, Prof Harriet V Kuhnlein PhD, Prof Shiriki K Kumanyika PhD, Prof Bagher Larijani MD, Tim Lobstein PhD, Michael W Long PhD, Victor K R Matsudo MD, Susanna D H Mills PhD, Gareth Morgan PhD, Alexandra Morshed, Patricia M Nece JD, Prof An Pan PhD, David W Patterson, Gary Sacks PhD, Meera Shekar PhD, Geoff L Simmons, Warren Smit PhD, Ali Tootee PhD, Stefanie Vandevijvere PhD, Wilma E Waterlander PhD, Luke Wolfenden PhD, Prof William H Dietz MD
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Half of the world's population faces hunger, food insecurity, or malnutrition.
“as half of the world's population faces hunger, food insecurity, or malnutrition, highlighting its dysfunction (63).”
From Bridging Sectors and Disciplines to Gain a Critical Understanding of the Eco-Social Determinants of Health Inequities: The ESDHI-EU Conference (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
The dominant food system model struggles to equitably provide healthy diets.
“Indeed, the dominant food system model struggles to equitably provide healthy diets (61), as half of the world's population faces hunger, food insecurity, or malnutrition, highlighting its dysfunction (63).”
From Bridging Sectors and Disciplines to Gain a Critical Understanding of the Eco-Social Determinants of Health Inequities: The ESDHI-EU Conference (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
Climate change further threatens food security, underscoring the need for more sustainable protein sources.
“At the same time, climate change further threatens food security, underscoring the need for more sustainable protein sources [10,22].”
From Valorization of Microalgae as Multifunctional Protein Sources in Plant-Based Systems: Structural, Functional, and Processing Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Current food systems, marked by increasing reliance on animal-derived products, contribute to adverse health and environmental outcomes.
“Current food systems, marked by the increasing reliance on animal-derived products, contribute to adverse health and environmental outcomes.”
From Valorization of Microalgae as Multifunctional Protein Sources in Plant-Based Systems: Structural, Functional, and Processing Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Concerns regarding allergens, antinutritional factors, GMOs, and extensive use of soy as animal feed have stimulated interest in alternative protein sources.
“Although soy has traditionally dominated this market because of its high protein content, mild flavor, and technofunctional properties, concerns regarding allergens, antinutritional factors, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), and its extensive use as animal feed have stimulated interest in alternative protein sources [22][23][24].”
From Valorization of Microalgae as Multifunctional Protein Sources in Plant-Based Systems: Structural, Functional, and Processing Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
The nutrient-centric approach has led to an overreliance on 'nutrients-to-limit' reformulation initiatives in some countries, with potentially counterproductive outcomes.
“It has led to an overreliance on 'nutrients-to-limit' reformulation initiatives in some countries 200,201 , with potentially counterproductive outcomes.”
From Ultra‐processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers (2020) · cites this paper as [200]
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“Finally, research could examine how the syndemic of climate change, obesity, and undernutrition (Swinburn et al 2019) interacts with non-communicable disease management and migration.”
BackgroundUsing syndemic theory to understand food insecurity and diet-related chronic diseases
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- Authors
- Swinburn, B. A., Kraak, V. I., Allender, S., Atkins, V. J., Baker, P. I., Bogard, J. R., Brinsden, H., Calvillo, A., De Schutter, O., Devarajan, R., Ezzati, M., Friel, S., Goenka, S., Hammond, R. A., Hastings, G., Hawkes, C., Herrero, M., Hovmand, P. S., Howden, M., Jaacks, L. M., Kapetanaki, A. B., Kasman, M., Kuhnlein, H. V., Kumanyika, S. K., Larijani, B., Lobstein, T., Long, M. W., Matsudo, V. K. R., Mills, S. D. H., Morgan, G., Morshed, A., Nece, P. M., Pan, A., Patterson, D. W., Sacks, G., Shekar, M., Simmons, G. L., Smit, W., Tootee, A., Vandevijvere, S., Waterlander, W. E., Wolfenden, L., & Dietz, W. H.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- World Obesity Federation (GB)
- El Poder del Consumidor AC (MX)
- Public Health Foundation of India (IN)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Brookings Institution (US)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- McGill University (CA)
- Drexel University (US)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- George Washington University (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- World Bank (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Diabetes Research Center (IR)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Swinburn, Boyd A
- ORCID
- Swinburn, Boyd A
- Kraak, Vivica I
- Allender, Steven
- Baker, Phillip I
- Bogard, Jessica R
- Calvillo, Alejandro
- Devarajan, Raji
- Ezzati, Majid
- Friel, Sharon
- Goenka, Shifalika
- Hammond, Ross A
- Hastings, Gerard
- Hawkes, Corinna
- Herrero, Mario
- Hovmand, Peter S
- Howden, Mark
- Jaacks, Lindsay M
- Kapetanaki, Ariadne B
- Kasman, Matt
- Kuhnlein, Harriet V
- Kumanyika, Shiriki K
- Larijani, Bagher
- Lobstein, Tim
- Long, Michael W
- Matsudo, Victor K R
- Mills, Susanna D H
- Morshed, Alexandra
- Pan, An
- Patterson, David W
- Sacks, Gary
- Shekar, Meera
- Smit, Warren
- Tootee, Ali
- Vandevijvere, Stefanie
- Waterlander, Wilma E
- Wolfenden, Luke
- Dietz, William H
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 393
- Issue
- 10173
- Pages
- 791-846
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2912842935
- Semantic Scholar
- aa1b4a7e43edc55f15ccf961694a3c48c2a81306
- Cited by
- 3,081
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 324 · 2025: 400 · 2024: 379 · 2023: 422 · 2022: 448 · 2021: 513 · 2020: 422 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 37.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/L01341X/1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL130357)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- obesity, malnutrition, climate change, syndemic, planetary health, dietary risk, health impacts of climate change
- MeSH terms
- Syndemic, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Food Supply, Health Policy, Humans, Infant, Male, Obesity, Global Health, Comorbidity, Malnutrition, Climate Change
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