Large epigenome-wide association study of childhood ADHD identifies peripheral DNA methylation associated with disease and polygenic risk burden
Open accessAbstract
Epigenetic variation in peripheral tissues is being widely studied as a molecular biomarker of complex disease and disease-related exposures. To date, few studies have examined differences in DNA methylation associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we profiled genetic and methylomic variation across the genome in saliva samples from children (age 7-12 years) with clinically established ADHD (N = 391) and nonpsychiatric controls (N = 213). We tested for differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with both ADHD diagnosis and ADHD polygenic risk score, by using linear regression models including smoking, medication effects, and other potential confounders in our statistical models. Our results support previously reported associations between ADHD and DNA methylation levels at sites annotated to VIPR2, and identify several novel disease-associated DMPs (p < 1e-5), although none of them were genome-wide significant. The two top-ranked, ADHD-associated DMPs (cg17478313 annotated to SLC7A8 and cg21609804 annotated to MARK2) are also significantly associated with nearby SNPs (p = 1.2e-46 and p = 2.07e-59), providing evidence that disease-associated DMPs are under genetic control. We also report a genome-wide significant association between ADHD polygenic risk and variable DNA methylation at a site annotated to the promoter of GART and SON (p = 6.71E-8). Finally, we show that ADHD-associated SNPs colocalize with SNPs associated with methylation levels in saliva. This is the first large-scale study of DNA methylation in children with ADHD. Our results represent novel epigenetic biomarkers for ADHD that may be useful for patient stratification, reinforce the importance of genetic effects on DNA methylation, and provide plausible molecular mechanisms for ADHD risk variants.
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Some studies link neurodevelopmental risk for ADHD to differences in SLC6A4 methylation patterns although these findings are mixed.
“Some studies link neurodevelopmental risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to differences in SLC6A4 methylation patterns although these findings are mixed”
From The clinical use of epigenetics in psychiatry: a narrative review of epigenetic mechanisms, key candidate genes, and precision psychiatry (2025) · cites this paper as [108]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes small candidate-gene studies of ADHD methylation, and the References list a study of SLC6A4 methylation in children with ADHD. The cited paper does not say that findings specifically for SLC6A4 are mixed or establish that its methylation differences indicate neurodevelopmental risk; its own reported ADHD-associated sites are in other genes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Mooney, M. A., Ryabinin, P., Wilmot, B., Bhatt, P., Mill, J., & Nigg, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nigg, Joel T.
- Venue
- Translational Psychiatry
- Published
- 2020-01-21
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-8
- ISSN
- 2158-3188 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7026179
- OpenAlex
- W3001853670
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Translational Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Royal Devon and Exeter Research Repository (Royal Devon and Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH099064)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, childhood ADHD, DNA methylation, saliva, polygenic risk score, differentially methylated positions, VIPR2, SLC7A8, MARK2, GART, sons, epigenetic biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Epigenome, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, DNA Methylation, Multifactorial Inheritance, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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