Cancer as a disease of old age: changing mutational and microenvironmental landscapes
Open accessAbstract
Why do we get cancer mostly when we are old? According to current paradigms, the answer is simple: mutations accumulate in our tissues throughout life, and some of these mutations contribute to cancers. Although mutations are necessary for cancer development, a number of studies shed light on roles for ageing and exposure-dependent changes in tissue landscapes that determine the impact of oncogenic mutations on cellular fitness, placing carcinogenesis into an evolutionary framework. Natural selection has invested in somatic maintenance to maximise reproductive success. Tissue maintenance not only ensures functional robustness but also prevents the occurrence of cancer through periods of likely reproduction by limiting selection for oncogenic events in our cells. Indeed, studies in organisms ranging from flies to humans are revealing conserved mechanisms to eliminate damaged or oncogenically initiated cells from tissues. Reports of the existence of striking numbers of oncogenically initiated clones in normal tissues and of how this clonal architecture changes with age or external exposure to noxious substances provide critical insight into the early stages of cancer development. A major challenge for cancer biology will be the integration of these studies with epidemiology data into an evolutionary theory of carcinogenesis, which could have a large impact on addressing cancer risk and treatment.
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The theory of adaptive oncogenesis stipulates that environmental factors associated with tissue decline, such as inflammation, are crucial drivers of oncogenesis by selecting for emergent phenotypes, such as increased proliferation, self-renewal, or survival, that are linked to cancer-associated mutations.
“the theory of adaptive oncogenesis, which stipulates that environmental factors associated with tissue decline, such as inflammation, are crucial drivers of oncogenesis by selecting for emergent phenotypes, such as increased proliferation, self-renewal, or survival, that are linked cancer-associated mutations (Henry et al., 2015; Laconi et al., 2020).”
From PU.1 enforces quiescence and limits hematopoietic stem cell expansion during inflammatory stress (2021) · cites this paper as Laconi et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Laconi, E., Marongiu, F., & DeGregori, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Laconi, Ezio
- DeGregori, James
- Venue
- British Journal of Cancer
- Published
- 2020-02-11
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 943-952
- ISSN
- 0007-0920 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-1827
- PMC
- PMC7109142
- OpenAlex
- W3005392003
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (10604)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AG066099)
- American Association for Cancer Research (18-90-52-DEGR)
- J.D. is also supported by the Courtenay C. and Lucy Patten Davis Endowed Chair in Lung Cancer Research.
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- somatic mutations, tumor microenvironment, clonal architecture, tissue maintenance, natural selection, oncogenic mutations, cell fitness, carcinogenesis, cancer risk
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mutation, Neoplasms, Tumor Microenvironment
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