Cited by 348Cancer Genomics and DiagnosticsGenetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model OrganismsEvolution and Genetic Dynamics

Cancer as a disease of old age: changing mutational and microenvironmental landscapes

Open access
Laconi, Ezio, Marongiu, Fabio, DeGregori, James·2020·British Journal of Cancer

Abstract

Why do we get cancer mostly when we are old? According to current paradigms, the answer is simple: mutations accumulate in our tissues throughout life, and some of these mutations contribute to cancers. Although mutations are necessary for cancer development, a number of studies shed light on roles for ageing and exposure-dependent changes in tissue landscapes that determine the impact of oncogenic mutations on cellular fitness, placing carcinogenesis into an evolutionary framework. Natural selection has invested in somatic maintenance to maximise reproductive success. Tissue maintenance not only ensures functional robustness but also prevents the occurrence of cancer through periods of likely reproduction by limiting selection for oncogenic events in our cells. Indeed, studies in organisms ranging from flies to humans are revealing conserved mechanisms to eliminate damaged or oncogenically initiated cells from tissues. Reports of the existence of striking numbers of oncogenically initiated clones in normal tissues and of how this clonal architecture changes with age or external exposure to noxious substances provide critical insight into the early stages of cancer development. A major challenge for cancer biology will be the integration of these studies with epidemiology data into an evolutionary theory of carcinogenesis, which could have a large impact on addressing cancer risk and treatment.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41416-019-0721-1

Cites

113 of 113 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The theory of adaptive oncogenesis stipulates that environmental factors associated with tissue decline, such as inflammation, are crucial drivers of oncogenesis by selecting for emergent phenotypes, such as increased proliferation, self-renewal, or survival, that are linked to cancer-associated mutations.

    “the theory of adaptive oncogenesis, which stipulates that environmental factors associated with tissue decline, such as inflammation, are crucial drivers of oncogenesis by selecting for emergent phenotypes, such as increased proliferation, self-renewal, or survival, that are linked cancer-associated mutations (Henry et al., 2015; Laconi et al., 2020).”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 115 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [84]Martincorena, I., Fowler, J. C., Wabik, A., Lawson, A. R. J., Abascal, F., Hall, M. W. J. et al. Somatic mutant clones colonize the human esophagus with age. Science362, 911–917 (2018). PMC6298579 30337457

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Laconi, E., Marongiu, F., & DeGregori, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Cagliari (IT)
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
Corresponding author
  • Laconi, Ezio
  • DeGregori, James
Venue
British Journal of Cancer
Published
2020-02-11
Volume
122
Issue
7
Pages
943-952
ISSN
  • 0007-0920 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-1827
OpenAlex
W3005392003
Cited by
348
References
115
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
FWCI
4.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • British Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (10604)
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01AG066099)
  • American Association for Cancer Research (18-90-52-DEGR)
  • J.D. is also supported by the Courtenay C. and Lucy Patten Davis Endowed Chair in Lung Cancer Research.
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Keywords
somatic mutations, tumor microenvironment, clonal architecture, tissue maintenance, natural selection, oncogenic mutations, cell fitness, carcinogenesis, cancer risk
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mutation, Neoplasms, Tumor Microenvironment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review