Accumulation of APP-CTF induces mitophagy dysfunction in the iNSCs model of Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with familial Alzheimer’s disease (fAD), and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria has been reported as an initial symptom that further contributes to disease progression. In the amyloidogenic pathway, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by β-secretase to generate a C-terminal fragment, which is then cleaved by γ-secretase to produce amyloid-beta (Aβ). The accumulation of Aβ and its detrimental effect on mitochondrial function are well known, yet the amyloid precursor protein-derived C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) contributing to this pathology have rarely been reported. We demonstrated the effects of APP-CTFs-related pathology using induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) from AD patient-derived fibroblasts. APP-CTFs accumulation was demonstrated to mainly occur within mitochondrial domains and to be both a cause and a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. APP-CTFs accumulation also resulted in mitophagy failure, as validated by increased LC3-II and p62 and inconsistent PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin ligase (Parkin) recruitment to mitochondria and failed fusion of mitochondria and lysosomes. The accumulation of APP-CTFs and the causality of impaired mitophagy function were also verified in AD patient-iNSCs. Furthermore, we confirmed this pathological loop in presenilin knockout iNSCs (PSEN KO-iNSCs) because APP-CTFs accumulation is due to γ-secretase blockage and similarly occurs in presenilin-deficient cells. In the present work, we report that the contribution of APP-CTFs accumulation is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy failure in AD patient-iNSCs as well as PSEN KO-iNSCs.
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Previous studies demonstrated the accumulation of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and its products amyloid β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and C-terminal fragments (APP-CTF) in the outer mitochondrial membrane through association with TOMM complex (including Tom20/40 proteins), which inhibits mitophagy.
“Previous studies demonstrated the accumulation of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and its product amyloid β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and C-terminal fragments (APP-CTF) in the outer mitochondrial membrane through association with TOMM complex (including Tom20/40 proteins), which inhibits mitophagy (21,22).”
From Alzheimer's Disease–Associated Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Prevents Aging Stress–Induced Mitophagy and Fumarate Depletion to Improve Antitumor Immunity (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results section reports increased APP-CTFs in mitochondrial fractions of AD patient-derived iNSCs, and the Discussion links APP-CTFs to mitophagy dysfunction. Our copy does not establish that APP, Aβ40, and Aβ42 accumulate in the outer mitochondrial membrane through association with the TOMM complex or Tom20/40. Page numbers are not provided. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased accumulation of APP and its processed peptides in mitochondria of AD neurons and effects on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy have been documented.
“Increased accumulation of APP and its processed peptides in the mitochondria of AD neurons and their effects on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy have been documented (21–24).”
From Alzheimer's Disease–Associated Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Prevents Aging Stress–Induced Mitophagy and Fumarate Depletion to Improve Antitumor Immunity (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results section (“APP-CTFs accumulation in AD patient-iNSCs altered mitochondrial function”) reports increased APP C-terminal fragments in mitochondrial fractions, and the Abstract reports associated mitophagy failure. The paper studies AD patient-derived induced neural stem cells, not AD neurons, and does not establish mitochondrial accumulation of intact APP or an effect of APP-CTFs on mitochondrial dynamics specifically. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citationHuang, H., Xu, K., & Lardelli, M. T. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15121082
Xiao, L., Green, J. M., Mochizuki, M., & Nakahara, T. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15151368
PrPC limits APP delivery to the plasma membrane and alters its processing to facilitate Aβ release
Mehta, N. A., Jo, S., Smirnou, S., Thinakaran, G., & Mastrianni, J. A. (2026) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2026.107576
- Authors
- Lee, S.-E., Kwon, D., Shin, N., Kong, D., Kim, N. G., Kim, H.-Y., Kim, M.-J., Choi, S. W., & Kang, K.-S.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kang, Kyung-Sun
- Venue
- Cell Death Discovery
- Published
- 2022-01-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-1
- ISSN
- 2058-7716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8748980
- OpenAlex
- W4206240244
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 6.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cell Death Discovery (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2020R1A4A4078907)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- mitophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, induced neural stem cells, patient-derived fibroblasts, PINK1/Parkin pathway, gamma-secretase, amyloid-beta, mitochondrial fusion, lysosome fusion, LC3-II, p62
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