Mitophagy and Quality Control Mechanisms in Mitochondrial Maintenance
Open accessAbstract
The maintenance of a healthy and functional mitochondrial network is critical during development as well as throughout life in the response to physiological adaptations and stress conditions. Owing to their role in energy production, mitochondria are exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species, making them particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial DNA mutations and protein misfolding. Given that mitochondria are formed from proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, an additional layer of complexity is inherent in the coordination of protein synthesis and the mitochondrial import of nuclear-encoded proteins. For these reasons, mitochondria have evolved multiple systems of quality control to ensure that the requisite number of functional mitochondria are present to meet the demands of the cell. These pathways work to eliminate damaged mitochondrial proteins or parts of the mitochondrial network by mitophagy and renew components by adding protein and lipids through biogenesis, collectively resulting in mitochondrial turnover. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms are multi-tiered, operating at the protein, organelle and cell levels. Herein, we discuss mitophagy in different physiological contexts and then relate it to other quality control pathways, including the unfolded protein response, shedding of vesicles, proteolysis, and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Understanding how these pathways contribute to the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis could provide insights into the development of targeted treatments when these systems fail in disease.
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PINK1 accumulates on the OMM following MMP reduction, while it undergoes cleavage in healthy mitochondria due to proteasomal degradation.
“PINK1, which accumulates on the OMM following MMP reduction, while it undergoes cleavage in healthy mitochondria due to proteasomal degradation5,8.”
From Altered mitochondrial dynamics and function in APOE4-expressing astrocytes (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The Parkin and PINK1-dependent mitophagy section (page unavailable) says PINK1 is stabilized on the outer mitochondrial membrane when mitochondrial import is compromised, and that under basal conditions it is cleaved. It does not say proteasomal degradation causes cleavage: MPP and PARL cleave PINK1, after which the proteasome degrades the cleavage product. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDamaged mitochondria are degraded by selective autophagy, termed mitophagy, following fission.
“Damaged mitochondria are degraded by selective autophagy, termed mitophagy, following fission5.”
From Altered mitochondrial dynamics and function in APOE4-expressing astrocytes (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The Introduction (page not provided) defines mitophagy as selective autophagic elimination of mitochondria, and the Mitophagy in mammals section includes mitochondrial damage as a trigger. But the Quality control at the sub-organelle level section describes fission and autophagosome formation as coupled and says loss of Drp1 delays, but does not abolish, mitophagy. It does not support presenting fission as a step that always precedes degradation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMitophagy proceeds mitochondrial fission and is triggered by decreased MMP.
“Mitophagy proceeds mitochondrial fission and is triggered by decreased MMP5.”
From Altered mitochondrial dynamics and function in APOE4-expressing astrocytes (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The 'Mitophagy in Yeast' section links PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy to mitochondrial transmembrane potential, but says depolarization does not appear necessary for several other mitophagy pathways. The 'Quality control at the sub-organelle level' section describes fission and autophagosome formation as coupled, and cites a yeast-specific proposal that fission acts upstream of mitophagy. It does not support an unqualified sequence between fission and mitophagy or decreased MMP as a universal trigger. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are tightly inter-connected and it has been suggested that they regulate each-other.
“In addition, we listed mitochondria fission and fusion proteins, as well as specific transcription factors within the mitophagy category; in fact, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are tightly inter-connected and it has been suggested that they regulate each-other [6, 35].”
From A gene toolbox for monitoring autophagy transcription (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
PINK1 is stabilized on the OMM leading to recruitment and activation of parkin, which ubiquitinates several mitochondrial proteins leading to mitophagy.
“The mitochondrial kinase PINK1 is stabilized on the OMM leading to the recruitment and activation of parkin (E3 ubiquitin ligase), which ubiquitinates several mitochondrial proteins leading to mitophagy5,8.”
From Altered mitochondrial dynamics and function in APOE4-expressing astrocytes (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
Several pathways mediate mitophagy, including the PINK1/parkin pathway.
“Several pathways mediate mitophagy, including the PINK1/parkin pathway5,8.”
From Altered mitochondrial dynamics and function in APOE4-expressing astrocytes (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
Some forms of mitophagy triggered by mitochondrial uncoupling do not require Parkin binding to mitochondria.
“Of note, some forms of mitophagy triggered by mitochondrial uncoupling do not seem to require Parkin binding to mitochondria [106,119,120].”
From Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Controller of Biological Processes in Physiology and Diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [106]
Protecting both the quantity and quality of mitochondria is vital for combating sarcopenia through maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.
“Hence, protecting both the quantity and quality of mitochondria is of vital importance for combating sarcopenia through maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis (Figure 2) [34].”
From Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Mitophagy specifically removes damaged mitochondria and thus protects the cell from deleterious effects of dysfunctional mitochondria, and specifically mitochondria with activated mPTP.
“A selective form of macroauthophagy is mitophagy, which specifically removes damaged mitochondria and thus protects the cell from the deleterious effects of dysfunctional mitochondria, and specifically mitochondria with activated mPTP (see below).”
From The mitochondrial permeability transition: Nexus of aging, disease and longevity (2021) · cites this paper as [168]
Mitophagy is a specialized form of autophagy in which damaged mitochondria are tagged for removal by autophagy.
“Mitophagy is a specialized form of autophagy in which damaged mitochondria are tagged for removal by autophagy [167,168].”
From The mitochondrial permeability transition: Nexus of aging, disease and longevity (2021) · cites this paper as [168]
The presence of mitochondrial fragments confirms studies showing increased mitochondrial DNA damage in AMD donor RPE, and likely indicates a failure of mitophagy.
“The presence of mitochondrial fragments confirms studies showing increased mitochondrial DNA damage (Fisher and Ferrington, 2018) in AMD donor RPE, and likely indicates a failure of mitophagy, a selective autophagic mechanism for removing damaged mitochondria (Pickles et al., 2018).”
From The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium (2020) · cites this paper as Pickles et al., 2018
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Hadjivasiliou, Z., Lane, N. J., Seymour, R. M., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1920 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Parkin deficiency accelerates consequences of mitochondrial DNA deletions and Parkinsonism
Song, L., McMackin, M. Z., Nguyen, A., & Cortopassi, G. A. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Zhang, J., & Ney, P. A. (2009) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.5.7.9749 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Teh, B. T., Blennow, E., Giraud, S., Sahlén, S., Hii, S.-I., Brookwell, R., Brauch, H. B., Nordenskjöld, M., Larsson, C., & Nicol, D. L. (1998) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199803)21:3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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The cell biology of mitochondrial membrane dynamics
Giacomello, M., Pyakurel, A., Glytsou, C., & Scorrano, L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0210-7 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Autophagy in healthy aging and disease
Aman, Y., Schmauck-Medina, T., Hansen, M., Morimoto, R. I., Simon, A. K., Bjedov, I., Palikaras, K., Simonsen, A., Johansen, T., Tavernarakis, N., et al. (2021) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-021-00098-4 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Controller of Biological Processes in Physiology and Diseases
Demine, S., Renard, P., & Arnould, T. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8080795 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Gómez-Virgilio, L., Silva-Lucero, M.-D.-C., Flores-Morelos, D.-S., Gallardo-Nieto, J., Lopez-Toledo, G., Abarca-Fernandez, A.-M., Zacapala-Gómez, A.-E., Luna-Muñoz, J., Montiel-Sosa, F., Soto-Rojas, L. O., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11152262 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium
Lakkaraju, A., Umapathy, A., Tan, L. X., Daniele, L., Philp, N. J., Boesze-Battaglia, K., & Williams, D. S. (2020) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100846 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Diverse Cellular Roles of Autophagy
Morishita, H., & Mizushima, N. (2019) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125300 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Vizioli, M. G., Liu, T., Miller, K. N., Robertson, N. A., Gilroy, K., Lagnado, A. B., Perez-Garcia, A., Kiourtis, C., Dasgupta, N., Lei, X., et al. (2020) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.331272.119 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Defective mitophagy in Alzheimer’s disease
Pradeepkiran, J. A., & Reddy, P. H. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101191 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Deficiency of parkin and PINK1 impairs age-dependent mitophagy in Drosophila
Cornelissen, T., Vilain, S., Vints, K., Gounko, N., Verstreken, P., & Vandenberghe, W. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.35878 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Jamwal, S., Blackburn, J. K., & Elsworth, J. D. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107705 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Erythroid mitochondrial retention triggers myeloid-dependent type I interferon in human SLE
Caielli, S., Cardenas, J., de Jesus, A. A., Baisch, J., Walters, L., Blanck, J. P., Balasubramanian, P., Stagnar, C., Ohouo, M., Hong, S., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.021 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
ESCRT-mediated phagophore sealing during mitophagy
Zhen, Y., Spangenberg, H., Munson, M. J., Brech, A., Schink, K. O., Tan, K.-W., Sørensen, V., Wenzel, E. M., Radulovic, M., Engedal, N., et al. (2020) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1639301 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Picca, A., Guerra, F., Calvani, R., Romano, R., Coelho-Júnior, H. J., Bucci, C., & Marzetti, E. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11101508 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
A gene toolbox for monitoring autophagy transcription
Bordi, M., De Cegli, R., Testa, B., Nixon, R. A., Ballabio, A., & Cecconi, F. (2021) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04121-9 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Hence, autophagosomes can also engulf, among other intracellular targets, mitochondria (mitophagy) [6], peroxisomes (pexophagy), ER (ER-phagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), bacteria (xenophagy) [2], and centriolar satellites (doryphagy) [7].”
BackgroundAltered mitochondrial dynamics and function in APOE4-expressing astrocytes
Schmukler, E., Solomon, S., Simonovitch, S., Goldshmit, Y., Wolfson, E., Michaelson, D. M., & Pinkas-Kramarski, R. (2020) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-02776-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Inhibition of autophagy curtails visual loss in a model of autosomal dominant optic atrophy
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The mitochondrial permeability transition: Nexus of aging, disease and longevity
Rottenberg, H., & Hoek, J. B. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10010079 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Mitophagy is a specialized form of autophagy in which damaged mitochondria are tagged for removal by autophagy (166, 167).”
BackgroundPreserving Lysosomal Function in the Aging Brain: Insights from Neurodegeneration
Peng, W., Minakaki, G., Nguyen, M., & Krainc, D. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00742-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Toward understanding genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Fakouri, N. B., Hou, Y., Demarest, T. G., Christiansen, L. S., Okur, M. N., Mohanty, J. G., Croteau, D. L., & Bohr, V. A. (2019) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.14663 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Role of Mitophagy in Regulating Cell Death
Li, S., Zhang, J., Liu, C., Wang, Q., Yan, J., Hui, L., Jia, Q., Shan, H., Tao, L., & Zhang, M. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/6617256 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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The role of autophagy in brown and beige adipose tissue plasticity
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Accumulation of APP-CTF induces mitophagy dysfunction in the iNSCs model of Alzheimer’s disease
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Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Require Mitochondrial Transfer and Quality Control
Mukkala, A. N., Jerkic, M., Khan, Z., Szaszi, K., Kapus, A., & Rotstein, O. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242115788 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis
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- Authors
- Pickles, S., Vigié, P., & Youle, R. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Youle, Richard J.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- R170-R185
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7255410
- OpenAlex
- W2788644497
- Cited by
- 2,081
- References
- 171
- Citations by year
- 2026: 279 · 2025: 268 · 2024: 290 · 2023: 284 · 2022: 277 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 225 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 66 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 24.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-IDEX-03-02)
- Université de Bordeaux
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Keywords
- mitophagy, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial maintenance, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial turnover, mitochondrial homeostasis, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial DNA mutations, protein misfolding, unfolded protein response, vesicle shedding, proteolysis, ubiquitin-proteasome system, mitochondrial protein import
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Mitochondria, Ubiquitin, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, Cell-Derived Microparticles, Unfolded Protein Response, Proteolysis, Mitophagy
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