Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments triggers mitochondrial structure, function, and mitophagy defects in Alzheimer’s disease models and human brains
Open accessAbstract
Several lines of recent evidence indicate that the amyloid precursor protein-derived C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) could correspond to an etiological trigger of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. Altered mitochondrial homeostasis is considered an early event in AD development. However, the specific contribution of APP-CTFs to mitochondrial structure, function, and mitophagy defects remains to be established. Here, we demonstrate in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells expressing either APP Swedish mutations, or the β-secretase-derived APP-CTF fragment (C99) combined with β- and γ-secretase inhibition, that APP-CTFs accumulation independently of Aβ triggers excessive mitochondrial morphology alteration (i.e., size alteration and cristae disorganization) associated with enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. APP-CTFs accumulation also elicit basal mitophagy failure illustrated by enhanced conversion of LC3, accumulation of LC3-I and/or LC3-II, non-degradation of SQSTM1/p62, inconsistent Parkin and PINK1 recruitment to mitochondria, enhanced levels of membrane and matrix mitochondrial proteins, and deficient fusion of mitochondria with lysosomes. We confirm the contribution of APP-CTFs accumulation to morphological mitochondria alteration and impaired basal mitophagy in vivo in young 3xTgAD transgenic mice treated with γ-secretase inhibitor as well as in adeno-associated-virus-C99 injected mice. Comparison of aged 2xTgAD and 3xTgAD mice indicates that, besides APP-CTFs, an additional contribution of Aβ to late-stage mitophagy activation occurs. Importantly, we report on mitochondrial accumulation of APP-CTFs in human post-mortem sporadic AD brains correlating with mitophagy failure molecular signature. Since defective mitochondria homeostasis plays a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis, targeting mitochondrial dysfunctions and/or mitophagy by counteracting early APP-CTFs accumulation may represent relevant therapeutic interventions in AD.
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Previous studies demonstrated the accumulation of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and its products amyloid β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and C-terminal fragments (APP-CTF) in the outer mitochondrial membrane through association with TOMM complex (including Tom20/40 proteins), which inhibits mitophagy.
“Previous studies demonstrated the accumulation of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and its product amyloid β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and C-terminal fragments (APP-CTF) in the outer mitochondrial membrane through association with TOMM complex (including Tom20/40 proteins), which inhibits mitophagy (21,22).”
From Alzheimer's Disease–Associated Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Prevents Aging Stress–Induced Mitophagy and Fumarate Depletion to Improve Antitumor Immunity (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDysfunctional autophagy leads to accumulation of APP C-terminal fragments and Aβ, as well as hyperphosphorylated tau, directly linking autophagy failure to the two central pathological hallmarks of AD.
“Furthermore, dysfunctional autophagy leads to accumulation of APP C-terminal fragments and Aβ, as well as hyperphosphorylated tau, directly linking autophagy failure to the two central pathological hallmarks of AD [137].”
From Toward a Unified Framework in Molecular Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Revisiting the Pathophysiological Hypotheses (2026) · cites this paper as [137]
The Discussion (page not provided) describes an amplifying loop in which lysosomal–autophagic dysfunction triggers lysosomal APP-CTF accumulation. The Results section on human AD brains reports correlations between mitophagy markers and Aβ or phosphorylated tau, but does not show that autophagy failure causes either to accumulate. The claimed causal link to both pathological hallmarks therefore goes beyond this paper's evidence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased accumulation of APP and its processed peptides in mitochondria of AD neurons and effects on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy have been documented.
“Increased accumulation of APP and its processed peptides in the mitochondria of AD neurons and their effects on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy have been documented (21–24).”
From Alzheimer's Disease–Associated Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Prevents Aging Stress–Induced Mitophagy and Fumarate Depletion to Improve Antitumor Immunity (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
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Accumulation of APP-CTF induces mitophagy dysfunction in the iNSCs model of Alzheimer’s disease
Lee, S.-E., Kwon, D., Shin, N., Kong, D., Kim, N. G., Kim, H.-Y., Kim, M.-J., Choi, S. W., & Kang, K.-S. (2022) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-021-00796-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hein, Z. M., Karikalan, B., Gopalakrishna, P. K., Dhevi, K., Alkatiri, A., Hussan, F., Mohd Moklas, M. A., Jagadeesan, S., Che Ramli, M. D., Che Mohd Nassir, C. M. N., et al. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05602-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kassir, M. F., Lee, H. G., Oleinik, N. V., Wofford, W., Walton, C., Atilgan, F. C., Janneh, A. H., Chakraborty, P., Calisir, K., Percin, E., et al. (2025) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-4740 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vaillant-Beuchot, L., Mary, A., Pardossi-Piquard, R., Bourgeois, A., Lauritzen, I., Eysert, F., Kinoshita, P. F., Cazareth, J., Badot, C., Fragaki, K., Bussiere, R., Martin, C., Mary, R., Bauer, C., Pagnotta, S., Paquis-Flucklinger, V., Buée-Scherrer, V., Buée, L., Lacas-Gervais, S., Checler, F., & Chami, M.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Université Côte d'Azur (FR)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Chami, Mounia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2020-10-20
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-65
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- PMC
- PMC7785558
- OpenAlex
- W3092964313
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 19.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fondation Vaincre Alzheimer (# FR18-035)
- LABEX DISTALZ
- FAPESP (#2018/14289-6)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- amyloid precursor protein, C-terminal fragment, Alzheimer's disease, mitophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial morphology, reactive oxygen species, LC3, p62, Parkin, PINK1, APP Swedish mutation, amyloid-beta, 3xTg-AD mice, postmortem brain, mitochondrial homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Autopsy, Brain, Cell Line, Female, Humans, Mitochondria, Peptide Fragments, Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mice, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases, Mitophagy
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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