Immunization with the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 elicits antibodies cross-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV without antibody-dependent enhancement

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Heterologous mRNA/MVA delivering trimeric-RBD as effective vaccination regimen against SARS-CoV-2: COVARNA Consortium

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Design and Immunological Properties of the Novel Subunit Virus-like Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2

Krasilnikov, I. V., Kudriavtsev, A. V., Vakhrusheva, A., Frolova, M. E., Ivanov, A. V., Stukova, M., Romanovskaya-Romanko, E., Vasilyev, K., Mushenkova, N. V., & Isaev, A. A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10010069 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Immunization with synthetic SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein virus-like particles protects macaques from infection

Sulbarán, G., Maisonnasse, P., Amen, A., Effantin, G., Guilligay, D., Dereuddre‐Bosquet, N., Burger, J. A., Poniman, M., Grobben, M., Buisson, M., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100528 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A betacoronavirus multiplex microsphere immunoassay detects early SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and controls for pre-existing seasonal human coronavirus antibody cross-reactivityPreprint

Laing, E. D., Sterling, S. L., Richard, S. A., Phogat, S., Samuels, E. C., Epsi, N. J., Yan, L., Moreno, N., Coles, C. L., Mehalko, J. L., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.20207050 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A betacoronavirus multiplex microsphere immunoassay detects early SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and antibody cross reactionsPreprint

Laing, E. D., Sterling, S. L., Richard, S. A., Epsi, N. J., Phogat, S., Samuels, E. C., Yan, L., Moreno, N., Coles, C. L., Drew, M. R., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-105768/v1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Peptide candidates for the development of therapeutics and vaccines against β-coronavirus infection

Chourasia, R., Padhi, S., Phukon, L. C., Abedin, M. M., Sirohi, R., Singh, S. P., & Rai, A. K. (2022) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2022.2060453 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Elicitation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.617.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants by Three Prototype Strain-Derived Recombinant Protein Vaccines

Yang, Y. P., Zang, J., Xu, S., Zhang, X., Yuan, S., Wang, H., Lavillette, D., Zhang, C., & Huang, Z. W. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13081421 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Design of a Multi-Valent SARS-CoV-2 Peptide Vaccine for Broad Immune Protection via Deep Learning

Feng, Z., Pang, X., Xu, Q., Gu, Z., Li, S., Zhu, L., & Li, H. (2025) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2025.04.025 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Homologous and heterologous serological response to the N‐terminal domain of SARS‐CoV‐2 in humans and mice

Lv, H., Tsang, O., So, R. T. Y., Wang, Y.-Q., Yuan, M., Liu, H., Yip, G. K., Teo, Q., Lin, Y., Liang, W.-W., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149234 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

A Naïve Phage Display Library-Derived Nanobody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and Three Variants of Concern

Wu, D., Cong, J., Wei, J., Hu, J., Sun, W., Ran, W., Liao, C., Zheng, H., & Ye, L. (2023) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s427990 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Trivalent mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants with Effective Immunization

Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Zha, W., Dong, S., Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., Xing, H., & Li, X. (2023) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00860 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on AuNPs/coiled carbon nanotubes/chitosan-nanocomposites for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen

Zhang, X., Su, Y., Ao, D., Hong, Y., Zou, M., Xie, J., Zhou, Q., Wang, Y., He, W., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Journal of Applied Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10800-025-02264-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma do not facilitate antibody-dependent enhance of viral infection.Preprint

Clark, N. M., Janaka, S., Hartman, W., Stramer, S., Goodhue, E., Weiss, J., Evans, D. T., & Connor, J. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460394 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

An Immunoreceptor-Targeting Strategy with Minimalistic C3b Peptide Fusion Enhances SARS-CoV-2 RBD mRNA Vaccine Immunogenicity

Chiu, C.-T., Tsai, H., Chen, J.-Y., Hu, C. J., & Chen, H. (2024) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s463546 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Exploring COVID-19: Relating the spike protein to infectivity, pathogenicity and Immunogenicity

Nikhra, V. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Eine chemo‐enzymatische Modifizierung der 5′‐Kappe erhält die Translation und erhöht die Immunogenität der mRNA

van Dülmen, M., Muthmann, N., & Rentmeister, A. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202100352 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Design of a highly thermotolerant, immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 spike fragment immunogenPreprint

Malladi, S. K., Singh, R., Pandey, S., Gayathri, S., Kanjo, K., Ahmed, S., Khan, M. S., Kalita, P., Girish, N., Upadhyaya, A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.252437 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Recombinant RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Production in Escherichia coli Cells, Binding to Antibodies, and Antiviral Activity

Gromova, M. S., Gromov, A. V., Grunina, T. M., Lyashchuk, A. M., Galushkina, Z. M., Субботина, М. Е., Esmagambetov, I. B., Ryabova, E. I., Prokofiev, V. V., Витальевна, К. А., et al. (2023) · Molecular Genetics Microbiology and Virology · doi:10.3103/s0891416823020052 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Harnessing preexisting influenza virus-specific immunity increases antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2

Dulin, H., Barre, R. S., Xu, D., Neal, A., Vizcarra, E., Chavez, J. R., Ulu, A., Yang, M. S., Khan, S. R., Wuang, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01571-23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Comparative assessment of a COVID-19 vaccine after technology transfer to Iran from critical quality attributes to clinical and immunogenicity aspects

Doroud, D., Larijani, M. S., Biglari, A., Ashrafian, F., Sabouni, T., Eybpoosh, S., Verez-Bencomo, V., Valdés-Balbín, Y., García-Rivera, D., Herrera-Rojas, Y., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77331-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Skin patch delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 spike DNA vaccine produces broad neutralising antibody responses

McMillan, C. L. D., Corner, A. V., Wijesundara, D. K., Choo, J. J. Y., Pittayakhajonwut, D., Poredi, I. K., Parry, R. H., Bindra, G. K., Bruce, K. L., Khromykh, A. A., et al. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42533 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Design and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine Encoding RBD-PVXCP Fusion Protein

Dormeshkin, D., Katsin, M., Stegantseva, M. V., Golenchenko, S., Shapira, M. A., Dubovik, S., Lutskovich, D. V., Kavaleuski, A., & Meleshko, A. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11061014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Design of Replication-Competent VSV- and Ervebo-Vectored Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2

Liu, Q., Ding, Z., Lan, J., & Wong, G. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Antibodies Produced Toward Recombinant RBD and Nucleocapsid Neutralize SARS-COV-2

Rezaei, A., Nazarian, S., Samiei-Abianeh, H., Kordbacheh, E., Alizadeh, Z., & Gargari, S. L. M. (2022) · Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology · doi:10.18502/ajmb.v14i4.10481 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2 RBD Conjugated to Polyglucin, Spermidine, and dsRNA Elicits a Strong Immune Response in Mice

Volosnikova, E. A., Merkuleva, I. A., Esina, T. I., Щербаков, Д. Н., Borgoyakova, M. B., Исаева, А. А., Nesmeyanova, V. S., Волкова, Н. В., Belenkaya, S. V., Zaykovskaya, A. V., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11040808 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Immunoinformatics-guided design of a conserved multi-epitope vaccine candidate against pathogenic human coronaviruses

Lim, C. P., Bingöl, E. N., de Oliveira, J. J., Chuah, C., Khan, M. A., Douradinha, B. G., Leow, C. Y., & Leow, C. Y. (2026) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-026-05714-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Relating the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Immunogenicity in COVID-19

Nikhra, V. (2021) · Annals of Immunology & Immunotherapy · doi:10.23880/aii-16000131

Homologous and heterologous serological response to the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2Preprint

Lv, H., Tsang, O., So, R. T. Y., Wang, Y.-Q., Yuan, M., Liu, H., Yip, G. K., Teo, Q., Lin, Y., Liang, W.-W., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431722

A combination of two human neutralizing antibodies prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaquesPreprint

Cobb, R. R., Nkolola, J. P., Gilchuk, P., Chandrashekar, A., House, R. V., Earnhart, C. G., Dorsey, N., Hopkins, S. A., Snow, D. M., Chen, R. E., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462074 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Recombinant RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: production in Escherichia coli cells, binding to antibodies and antiviral activity

Gromova, M. S., Gromov, A. V., Grunina, T. M., Lyashchuk, A. M., Galushkina, Z. M., Субботина, М. Е., Esmagambetov, I. B., Ryabova, E. I., Prokofiev, V. V., Витальевна, К. А., et al. (2023) · Molecular Genetics Microbiology and Virology (Russian) · doi:10.17116/molgen20234102128

Enhanced immunogenicity of COVID-19 RBD fused to mutant scorpion's phospholipase D for vaccine development

Zareinejad, M. R., Behdani, M., Goodarzi, M. T., Oghalaie, A., Hosseininejad-Chafi, M., Bagheri, K. P., & Shahbazzadeh, D. (2025) · New Microbes and New Infections · doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2025.101634

Delta-Vac’ subunit vaccine induces strong humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2

Nesmeyanova, V. S., Merkuleva, I. A., Исаева, А. А., Волкова, Н. В., Belenkaya, S. V., Borgoyakova, M. B., Volosnikova, E. A., Esina, T. I., Даниленко, Е. Д., Zaikovskaya, A. V., et al. (2025) · Medical Immunology (Russia) · doi:10.15789/1563-0625-dvc-2901

Additional file 1 of Landscape and selection of vaccine epitopes in SARS-CoV-2

Smith, C. C., Olsen, K. S., Gentry, K. M., Sambade, M., Beck, W. A., Garness, J. A., Entwistle, S., Willis, C., Vensko, S. P., II, Woods, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14782768

Comparative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigens as capture and detection elements in an in-house antigen-based ELISA for COVID-19 total antibody detection

Masangkay, C. B., Vinarao, J. G., Malbas, F. F., Quiñones, G. J., Lenon, M. S. L., Noveno, E. K., Diagmel, P. A., Babad, L., Noroña, M.-G., Demetria, C. S., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108461

Mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement and its research progress in animal coronaviruses

Zhou, Z., Liu, Y., Yang, M., Qiu, C., Xia, J., Huang, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s13567-026-01837-4

The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicits a potent neutralizing response without antibody-dependent enhancement

Quinlan, B. D., Mou, H., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., He, W., Ojha, A., Parcells, M. S., Luo, G., Li, W., Zhong, G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036418 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

The recombinant subunit vaccine RBD-Fc, consisting of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and human IgG Fc as an immunopotentiator, elicits robust neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 infectionPreprint

Liu, Z., Xu, W., Xia, S., Gu, C., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Zhou, J., Wu, Y., Cai, X., Qu, D., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61074/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

RBD-Fc-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate induces highly potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response

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Construction and immunogenic studies of a mFc fusion receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein as a subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Qi, X., Ke, B., Feng, Q., Yang, D., Lian, Q., Li, Z., Lu, L., Ke, C., Liu, Z., & Liao, G. (2020) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d0cc03263h · Cited by 34 · see citing works

A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity

Yang, H. J., Wang, W., Chen, Z., Lu, S., Yang, F., Bi, Z., Bao, L., Mo, F., Li, X., Huang, Y., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2599-8 · Cited by 753 · see citing works