Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine
Open accessAbstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a serious threat to global public health, calling for the development of safe and effective prophylactics and therapeutics against infection of its causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The CoV spike (S) protein plays the most important roles in viral attachment, fusion and entry, and serves as a target for development of antibodies, entry inhibitors and vaccines. Here, we identified the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 S protein and found that the RBD protein bound strongly to human and bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. SARS-CoV-2 RBD exhibited significantly higher binding affinity to ACE2 receptor than SARS-CoV RBD and could block the binding and, hence, attachment of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and SARS-CoV RBD to ACE2-expressing cells, thus inhibiting their infection to host cells. SARS-CoV RBD-specific antibodies could cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein, and SARS-CoV RBD-induced antisera could cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the potential to develop SARS-CoV RBD-based vaccines for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Immunization with recombinant RBD of SARS-CoV-2 induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the absence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection.
“Some recent studies also demonstrated that immunization with the recombinant RBD of SARS-CoV-2 induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the absence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection (Quinlan et al., 2020; Tai et al., 2020).”
From A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 (2020) · cites this paper as Tai et al., 2020
The Results and discussion report that sera from mice immunized with SARS-CoV RBD neutralized SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, with a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:323. They do not report immunization with SARS-CoV-2 RBD or assess antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), so those parts of the claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017 · Cited by 28,244 · see citing works
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969 · see citing works
Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A. M., Neuman, B. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z · Cited by 8,436 · see citing works
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus
Li, W., Moore, M. J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S. K., Berne, M. A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J. L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T. C., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02145 · Cited by 5,923 · see citing works
Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia
Zaki, A. M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Fouchier, R. A. M. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1211721 · Cited by 5,677 · see citing works
Chou, T.-C. (2006) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.58.3.10 · Cited by 5,163 · see citing works
Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses
Li, W., Shi, Z., Yu, M., Ren, W., Smith, C. S., Epstein, J. H., Wang, H., Crameri, G. S., Hú, Z., Zhang, H., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1118391 · Cited by 2,571 · see citing works
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC
Raj, V. S., Mou, H., Smits, S. L., Dekkers, D. H. W., Müller, M. A., Dijkman, R., Muth, D., Demmers, J. A. A., Zaki, A., Fouchier, R. A. M., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12005 · Cited by 2,061 · see citing works
Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor
Li, F., Li, W., Farzan, M., & Harrison, S. C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1116480 · Cited by 2,031 · see citing works
The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development
Du, L., He, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, S., Zheng, B.-J., & Jiang, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2090 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Zhong, N., Zheng, B., Li, Y., Poon, L., Xie, Z., Chan, K., Li, P. H., Tan, S., Chang, Q., Xie, J., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14630-2 · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Molecular basis of binding between novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV and its receptor CD26
Lu, G., Hu, Y., Wang, Q., Qi, J., Gao, F., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Yuan, Y., Bao, J., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12328 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Liu, S., Xiao, G., Chen, Y., He, Y., Niu, J., Escalante, C. R., Xiong, H., Farmar, J. G., Debnath, A. K., Tien, P., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15788-7 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses
Wang, N., Shang, J., Jiang, S., & Du, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00298 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Structure-based discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor
Lu, L., Liu, Q., Zhu, Y., Chan, K., Qin, L., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Chan, J. F., Du, L., Yu, F., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4067 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
A distinct name is needed for the new coronavirus
Jiang, S., Shi, Z., Shu, Y., Song, J., Gao, G. F., Tan, W., & Guo, D. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30419-0 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
MERS-CoV spike protein: a key target for antivirals
Du, L., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Lu, L., Li, F., & Jiang, S. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2017.1271415 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Du, L., Liu, C., Wang, L., Ma, C., Tang, J., Baric, R. S., Jiang, S., & Li, F. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1405889111 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Du, L., Zhao, G., Kou, Z., Ma, C., Sun, S., Poon, V. K., Lu, L., Wang, L., Debnath, A. K., Zheng, B.-J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01048-13 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Zhao, G., Du, L., Ma, C., Li, Y., Li, L., Poon, V. K., Wang, L., Yu, F., Zheng, B.-J., Jiang, S., et al. (2013) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-10-266 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Du, L., Zhao, G., Yang, Y., Qiu, H., Wang, L., Kou, Z., Tao, X., Yu, H., Sun, S., Tseng, C.-T. K., et al. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00433-14 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
He, Y., Li, J., Heck, S., Lustigman, S., & Jiang, S. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00083-06 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, C., Wang, L., Tao, X., Zhang, N., Yang, Y., Tseng, C.-T. K., Li, F., Zhou, Y., Jiang, S., & Du, L. (2014) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.086 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
MERS-CoV spike protein: Targets for vaccines and therapeutics
Wang, Q., Wong, G., Lu, G., Yan, J., & Gao, G. F. (2016) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.015 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Du, L., Zhao, G., Chan, C. C. S., Sun, S., Chen, M., Liu, Z., Guo, H., He, Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, B., et al. (2009) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.018 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Prospects for a MERS-CoV spike vaccine
Zhou, Y., Jiang, S., & Du, L. (2018) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1506702 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Du, L., Tai, W., Yang, Y., Zhao, G., Zhu, Q., Sun, S., Liu, C., Tao, X., Tseng, C.-T. K., Perlman, S. M., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13473 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Chen, W., Du, L., Chag, S., Ma, C., Tricoche, N., Tao, X., Seid, C. A., Hudspeth, E. M., Lustigman, S., Tseng, C.-T. K., et al. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.27464 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Tai, W., Zhao, G., Sun, S., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Tao, X., Tseng, C.-T. K., Li, F., Jiang, S., Du, L., et al. (2016) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Vaccines for the prevention against the threat of MERS-CoV
Du, L., Tai, W., Zhou, Y., & Jiang, S. (2016) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1167603 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Tai, W., Wang, Y., Fett, C., Zhao, G., Li, F., Perlman, S. M., Jiang, S., Zhou, Y., & Du, L. (2016) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01651-16 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Du, L., Zhao, G., Chan, C. C. S., Li, L., He, Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, B., & Jiang, S. (2010) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2009.0090 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Tai, W., Voronin, D., Chen, J., Bao, W., Kessler, D. A., Shaz, B. H., Jiang, S., Yazdanbakhsh, K., & Du, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00029 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention
Tay, M. Z., Poh, C. M., Rénia, L., MacAry, P. A., & Ng, L. F. P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 · Cited by 4,360 · see citing works
Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science
Vabret, N., Britton, G. J., Gruber, C., Hegde, S., Kim, J., Kuksin, M., Levantovsky, R., Malle, L., Moreira, A., Park, M. D., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002 · Cited by 1,623 · see citing works
Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine
Keech, C., Albert, G., Cho, I., Robertson, A., Reed, P., Neal, S., Plested, J. S., Zhu, M., Cloney-Clark, S., Zhou, H., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2026920 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Astuti, I., & Ysrafil, Y. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.020 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Beyerstedt, S., Casaro, E. B., & Rangel, É. B. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression
Ponti, G., Maccaferri, M., Ruini, C., Tomasi, A., & Özben, T. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2020.1770685 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report
Kaur, S. P., & Gupta, V. (2020) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy
Gu, H., Chen, Q., Yang, G., He, L., Fan, H., Deng, Y.-Q., Wang, Y., Teng, Y., Zhao, Z., Cui, Y., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc4730 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses
Jiang, S., Hillyer, C., & Du, L. (2020) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.03.007 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
mRNA-based therapeutics: powerful and versatile tools to combat diseases
Qin, S., Tang, X., Chen, Y., Chen, K., Fan, N., Xiao, W., Zheng, Q., Li, G., Teng, Y., Wu, M., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01007-w · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Immune response, inflammation, and the clinical spectrum of COVID-19
García, L. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01441 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19
Zhang, N.-N., Li, X.-F., Deng, Y.-Q., Zhao, H., Huang, Y.-J., Yang, G., Huang, W.-J., Gao, P., Zhou, C., Zhang, R.-R., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.024 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
“Some recent studies also demonstrated that immunization with the recombinant RBD of SARS-CoV-2 induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the absence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection (Quinlan et al., 2020; Tai et al., 2020).”
COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic
Vellingiri, B., Jayaramayya, K., Iyer, M., Narayanasamy, A., Govindasamy, V., Giridharan, B., Ganesan, S., Venugopal, A., Venkatesan, D., Ganesan, H., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138277 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates
Poland, G., Ovsyannikova, I., & Kennedy, R. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32137-1 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic: a global health crisis
Pollard, C., Morran, M. P., & Nestor‐Kalinoski, A. L. (2020) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00089.2020 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Röltgen, K., Powell, A. E., Wirz, O. F., Stevens, B. A., Hogan, C. A., Najeeb, J., Hunter, M., Wang, H., Sahoo, M. K., Huang, C., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0240 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Yi, C., Sun, X., Ye, J., Ding, L., Liu, M., Yang, Z., Lü, X., Zhang, Y., Ma, L., Gu, W., et al. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Drug repurposing approach to fight COVID-19
Singh, T. U., Parida, S., Lingaraju, M. C., Kesavan, M., Kumar, D., & Singh, R. K. (2020) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00155-6 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 variant prediction and antiviral drug design are enabled by RBD in vitro evolution
Zahradník, J., Marciano, S., Shemesh, M., Zoler, E., Harari, D., Chiaravalli, J., Meyer, B., Rudich, Y., Li, C., Marton, I., et al. (2021) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00954-4 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by a pseudotyped virus-based assay
Nie, J., Li, Q., Wu, J., Zhao, C., Hao, H., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Nie, L., Qin, H., Wang, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-020-0394-5 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Duan, L., Zheng, Q., Zhang, H., Niu, Y., Lou, Y., & Wang, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.576622 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycan shield reveals implications for immune recognition
Grant, O. C., Montgomery, D., Ito, K., & Woods, R. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71748-7 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Immune-mediated approaches against COVID-19
Florindo, H. F., Kleiner, R., Vaskovich‐Koubi, D., Acúrcio, R. C., Carreira, B., Yeini, E., Tiram, G., Liubomirski, Y., & Satchi‐Fainaro, R. (2020) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0732-3 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Sex differences in severity and mortality from COVID-19: are males more vulnerable?
Pradhan, A., & Olsson, P. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00330-7 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
ACE2: Evidence of role as entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and implications in comorbidities
Cuervo, N. Z., & Grandvaux, N. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61390 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: a novel multifunctional biomimetic drug delivery system
Liu, H., Su, Y.-Y., Jiang, X.-C., & Gao, J.-Q. (2023) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-022-01252-0 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Rahman, S., Montero, M. T. V., Rowe, K., Kirton, R., & Kunik, F. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1902303 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
Kim, C.-M., Ryu, D.-K., Lee, J., Kim, Y., Seo, J. M., Kim, Y., Jeong, J.-H., Kim, M., Kim, J.-I., Kim, P., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20602-5 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Basu, A., Sarkar, A., & Maulik, U. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74715-4 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Recombinant protein vaccines, a proven approach against coronavirus pandemics
Pollet, J. B. K., Chen, W., & Strych, U. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Circular RNA vaccine in disease prevention and treatment
Niu, D., Wu, Y., & Lian, J. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01561-x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Popowski, K. D., Zhu, D., Abad, B. L. D. J., Wang, X., Liu, M., Lutz, H., Naeyer, N. D., DeMarco, C. T., Denny, T. N., et al. (2022) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00902-5 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Serological Approaches for COVID-19: Epidemiologic Perspective on Surveillance and Control
Lee, C. Y., Lin, R. T. P., Rénia, L., & Ng, L. F. P. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00879 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Dynamic changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery from COVID-19
Li, K., Huang, B., Wu, M., Zhong, A., Li, L., Cai, Y., Wang, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, M., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19943-y · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Cunha, L. L., Perazzio, S. F., Azzi, J., Cravedi, P., & Riella, L. V. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01748 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Based on the Spike Glycoprotein and Implications of New Viral Variants
Martínez-Flores, D., Zepeda–Cervantes, J., Cruz-Reséndiz, A., Aguirre‐Sampieri, S., Sampieri, A., & Vaca, L. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.701501 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 therapy and SARS-CoV-2 detection
Hwang, Y.-C., Lu, R.-M., Su, S.-C., Chiang, P.-Y., Ko, S.-H., Ke, F.-Y., Liang, K., Hsieh, T.-Y., & Wu, H.-C. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1186/s12929-021-00784-w · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Detection by Carbon Nanotube-Based Near-Infrared Nanosensors
Pinals, R. L., Ledesma, F., Yang, D., Navarro, N., Jeong, S., Pak, J. E., Kuo, L., Chuang, Y., Cheng, Y., Sun, H.-Y., et al. (2021) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00118 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Yao, H., Lu, X., Chen, Q., Xu, K., Chen, Y. Z., Cheng, M., Chen, K., Cheng, L., Weng, T.-H., Shi, D., et al. (2020) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-020-00226-1 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Design of a peptide-based subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Kalita, P., Padhi, A. K., Zhang, K. Y. J., & Tripathi, T. (2020) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104236 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
A Potently Neutralizing Antibody Protects Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Alsoussi, W. B., Turner, J. S., Case, J. B., Zhao, H., Schmitz, A. J., Zhou, J. Q., Chen, R. E., Lei, T., Rizk, A. A., McIntire, K. M., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000583 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Santoso, A., Pranata, R., Wibowo, A., Farabi, M. J. A., Huang, I., & Antariksa, B. (2020) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.052 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Ding, S., & Liang, T. J. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.052 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Electrochemical sensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus
Kumar, N., Shetti, N. P., Jagannath, S., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.132966 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Sargiacomo, C., Sotgia, F., & Lisanti, M. P. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103001 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: COVID-19 Heart
Dhakal, B. P., Sweitzer, N. K., Indik, J. H., Acharya, D., & William, P. (2020) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2020.05.101 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Animal Hosts
Abdel-Moneim, A. S., & Abdelwhab, E. M. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens9070529 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein has a broad tropism for mammalian ACE2 proteins
Conceicao, C., Thakur, N., Human, S., Kelly, J. T., Logan, L., Bialy, D., Bhat, S., Stevenson-Leggett, P., Zagrajek, A. K., Hollinghurst, P., et al. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001016 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Zamzami, M. A., Rabbani, G., Ahmad, A., Basalah, A. A., Alsabban, W. H., Ahn, S. N., & Choudhry, H. (2021) · Bioelectrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107982 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Wang, S., Liang, B., Wang, W., Li, L., Feng, N., Zhao, Y., Wang, T., Yan, F., Yang, S., & Xia, X. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01408-5 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Review on E-waste management and its impact on the environment and society
Jain, M., Kumar, D., Chaudhary, J., Sudesh, K., Sharma, S., & Verma, A. S. (2023) · Waste Management Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.wmb.2023.06.004 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The Immune Response and Immunopathology of COVID-19
Mortaz, E., Tabarsi, P., Varahram, M., Folkerts, G., & Adcock, I. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02037 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Sex-based clinical and immunological differences in COVID-19
Huang, B., Cai, Y., Li, N., Li, K., Wang, Z., Li, L., Wu, L., Zhu, M., Li, J., Wang, Z., et al. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06313-2 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry upon blocking N- and O-glycan elaboration
Yang, Q., Hughes, T. A., Kelkar, A., Yu, X., Cheng, K., Park, S., Huang, W., Lovell, J. F., & Neelamegham, S. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61552 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Functionalized TiO2 Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Vadlamani, B. S., Uppal, T., Verma, S. C., & Misra, M. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20205871 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review
Nepal, G., Rehrig, J. H., Shrestha, G. S., Shing, Y. K., Yadav, J. K., Ojha, R., Pokhrel, G., Tu, Z., & Huang, D. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03121-z · Cited by 201 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and their Viral Variants
Coşar, B., KARAGÜLLEOĞLU, Z. Y., ÜNAL, S., İnce, A. T., Uncuoglu, D. B., Tuncer, G., Kilinc, B. R., Ozkan, Y. E., Ozkoc, H. C., Demir, I. N., et al. (2021) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.06.001 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Antibody signature induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens in rabbits
Ravichandran, S., Coyle, E. M., Klenow, L., Tang, J., Grubbs, G., Liu, S., Wang, T. T., Golding, H., & Khurana, S. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abc3539 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Hatmal, M. M., Alshaer, W., Al-Hatamleh, M. A. I., Hatmal, M., Smadi, O., Taha, M. O., Oweida, A. J., Boer, J. C., Mohamud, R., & Plebanski, M. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9122638 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Microarray for Mapping COVID-19 Antibody Interactions at Amino Acid Resolution
Wang, H., Wu, X., Zhang, X., Hou, X., Liang, T., Wang, D., Teng, F., Dai, J., Duan, H., Guo, S., et al. (2020) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c00742 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Luchsinger, L. L., Ransegnola, B. P., Jin, D. K., Muecksch, F., Weisblum, Y., Bao, W., George, P. J., Rodriguez, M., Tricoche, N., Schmidt, F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02005-20 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Sasaki, M., Uemura, K., Sato, A., Toba, S., Sanaki, T., Maenaka, K., Hall, W. W., Orba, Y., & Sawa, H. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009233 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Sardar, R., Satish, D., Birla, S., & Gupta, D. K. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04658 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Powell, A. E., Zhang, K., Sanyal, M., Tang, S., Weidenbacher, P. A. B., Li, S., Pham, T. D., Pak, J. E., Chiu, W., & Kim, P. S. (2021) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c01405 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE PROTEIN: an optimal immunological target for vaccines
Salvatori, G., Luberto, L., Maffei, M., Aurisicchio, L., Roscilli, G., Palombo, F., & Marra, E. (2020) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02392-y · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Körner, R. W., Majjouti, M., Alcazar, M. A. A., & Mahabir, E. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12080880 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Immunogenicity of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in patients with inborn errors of immunity
Hagin, D., Freund, T., Navon, M., Halperin, T., Adir, D., Marom, R., Levi, I., Benor, S., Alcalay, Y., & Freund, N. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.029 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of the Protein Subunit Vaccines Against COVID-19
Heidary, M., Kaviar, V. H., Shirani, M., Ghanavati, R., Motahar, M., Sholeh, M., Ghahramanpour, H., & Khoshnood, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.927306 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Zhai, X., Sun, J., Yan, Z., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Zhao, Z., Gao, Q., He, W.-T., Veit, M., & Su, S. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00831-20 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Structure and Function of Major SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Proteins
Gorkhali, R., Koirala, P., Rijal, S., Mainali, A., Baral, A., & Bhattarai, H. K. (2021) · Bioinformatics and Biology Insights · doi:10.1177/11779322211025876 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccine design: the Janus face of immune enhancement
Hotez, P. J., Corry, D. B., & Bottazzi, M. E. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0323-4 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Rahman, M. S., Hoque, M. N., Islam, M. R., Akter, S., Alam, A. R.-U., Siddique, M. A., Saha, O., Rahaman, M. M., Sultana, M., Crandall, K. A., et al. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9572 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Interacts with RIG-I and Represses RIG-Mediated IFN-β Production
Chen, K., Xiao, F., Hu, D., Ge, W., Tian, M., Wang, W., Pan, P., Wu, K., & Wu, J. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13010047 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Cherrak, S. A., Merzouk, H., & Mokhtari-Soulimane, N. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240653 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of curcumin: A case for prophylactic therapy for COVID-19
Thimmulappa, R. K., Mudnakudu-Nagaraju, K. K., Shivamallu, C., Subramaniam, K., Radhakrishnan, A., Bhojraj, S., & Kuppusamy, G. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06350 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Ma, X., Guan, C., Chen, R., Wang, Y., Feng, S., Wang, R., Qu, G., Zhao, S., Wang, F., Wang, X., et al. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-00604-5 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Huang, J., Song, W., Huang, H., & Sun, Q. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9041131 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
COVID-19: Progress in diagnostics, therapy and vaccination
Liu, X., Liu, C., Liu, G., Luo, W., & Xia, N. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.47987 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The Rise and Impact of COVID-19 in India
Kumar, S. U., Kumar, D. T., Christopher, B. P., & Doss, C. G. P. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00250 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
COVID 19: a clue from innate immunity
Birra, D., Benucci, M., Landolfi, L., Merchionda, A., Loi, G., Amato, P., Licata, G., Quartuccio, L., Triggiani, M., & Moscato, P. (2020) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-020-09137-5 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?
Theoharides, T. C. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
A novel receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
Tai, W., Zhang, X., Drelich, A., Shi, J., Hsu, J. C., Luchsinger, L., Hillyer, C. D., Tseng, C.-T. K., Jiang, S., & Du, L. (2020) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0387-5 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent and Perspective Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19
Yuan, X., Yang, C., He, Q., Chen, J., Yu, D., Li, J., Zhai, S., Qin, Z., Du, K., Chu, Z., et al. (2020) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00365 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Applications of Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Jarrold, M. F. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00377 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Human-IgG-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block the SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Wan, J., Xing, S., Ding, L., Wang, Y., Gu, C., Wu, Y., Rong, B., Li, C., Wang, S., Chen, K., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107918 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Spinello, A., Saltalamacchia, A., & Magistrato, A. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01148 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Designing a multi-epitope peptide based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
Singh, A., Thakur, M. K., Sharma, L. K., & Chandra, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73371-y · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Thrombotic complications of COVID-19
Avila, J., Long, B., Holladay, D., & Gottlieb, M. (2021) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.065 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Prospect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential role in vaccine and therapeutic development
Samrat, S. K., Tharappel, A. M., Li, Z., & Li, H. (2020) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198141 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Site-specific N-glycosylation Characterization of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins
Zhang, Y., Zhao, W., Mao, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, S., Zhong, Y., Su, T., Gong, M., Du, D., Lu, X., et al. (2020) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.ra120.002295 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Bojadzic, D., Alcazar, O., Chen, J., Chuang, S.-T., Capcha, J. M. C., Shehadeh, L. A., & Buchwald, P. (2021) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00070 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice
Pang, N. Y.-L., Pang, A. S.-R., Chow, V. T. K., & Wang, D.-Y. (2021) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00342-3 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of statin pleiotropic effects
German, C. A., & Liao, J. K. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03492-6 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Shirbhate, E., Pandey, J., Patel, V. K., Kamal, M., Jawaid, T., Gorain, B., Kesharwani, P., & Rajak, H. (2021) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-021-00303-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Sun, C., Xie, C., Bu, G., Zhong, L., & Zeng, M. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01039-2 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
COVID ‐19, pulmonary mast cells, cytokine storms, and beneficial actions of luteolin
Theoharides, T. C. (2020) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1633 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Bibliometric Analysis on COVID-19: A Comparison of Research Between English and Chinese Studies
Fan, J., Gao, Y., Zhao, N., Dai, R., Zhang, H., Feng, X., Shi, G., Tian, J., Chen, C., Hambly, B. D., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00477 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned
da Silva, S. J. R., do Nascimento, J. C. F., Mendes, R. P. G., Guarines, K. M., da Silva, C. T. A., da Silva, P. G., de Magalhães, J. J. F., Vigar, J. R. J., Silva‐Júnior, A., Kohl, A., et al. (2022) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Predicting equilibrium distributions for molecular systems with deep learning
Zheng, S., He, J., Liu, C., Shi, Y., Lu, Z., Feng, W., Ju, F., Wang, J., Zhu, J., Min, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00837-3 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19
Du, L., Yang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00752-2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tai, W., He, L., Zhang, X., Pu, J., Voronin, D., Jiang, S., Zhou, Y., & Du, L.
- Affiliations
- New York Blood Center (US)
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (CN)
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jiang, Shibo
- Zhou, Yusen
- Du, Lanying
- Venue
- Cellular & Molecular Immunology
- Published
- 2020-03-19
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 613-620
- ISSN
- 1672-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 2042-0226
- PMC
- PMC7091888
- OpenAlex
- W3011537081
- Cited by
- 1,654
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 296 · 2021: 482 · 2020: 475
- FWCI
- 47.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI137472, R01AI139092)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, receptor binding domain, spike protein, ACE2 receptor, viral attachment inhibition, entry inhibitors, vaccine development, cross-reactive antibodies, SARS-CoV, COVID-19 pandemic, neutralizing antibodies, receptor binding affinity
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Binding Sites, Chiroptera, Cross Reactions, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Protein Binding, Viral Vaccines, Sequence Alignment, Coronavirus Infections, Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Mice, Virus Internalization, HEK293 Cells, Pandemics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
