Cited by 69T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyLymphatic System and DiseasesImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

Lymphatic endothelial cells prime naive CD8+ T cells into memory cells under steady-state conditions

Open access
Vokali, Efthymia, Yu, Shann S., Hirosue, Sachiko, Rinçon-Restrepo, Marcela, V. Duraes, Fernanda, Scherer, Stefanie, Corthésy-Henrioud, Patricia, Kilarski, Witold W. +4 more·2020·Nature Communications

Abstract

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) chemoattract naïve T cells and promote their survival in the lymph nodes, and can cross-present antigens to naïve CD8 + T cells to drive their proliferation despite lacking key costimulatory molecules. However, the functional consequence of LEC priming of CD8 + T cells is unknown. Here, we show that while many proliferating LEC-educated T cells enter early apoptosis, the remainders comprise a long-lived memory subset, with transcriptional, metabolic, and phenotypic features of central memory and stem cell-like memory T cells. In vivo, these memory cells preferentially home to lymph nodes and display rapid proliferation and effector differentiation following memory recall, and can protect mice against a subsequent bacterial infection. These findings introduce a new immunomodulatory role for LECs in directly generating a memory-like subset of quiescent yet antigen-experienced CD8 + T cells that are long-lived and can rapidly differentiate into effector cells upon inflammatory antigenic challenge.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41467-019-14127-9

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Some responding T cells develop into memory T cells with a capacity to rapidly respond to subsequent antigenic challenge.

    “However, some responding T cells develop into memory T cells with a capacity to rapidly respond to subsequent antigenic challenge (130).”

    From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [130]

  • LECs can directly present antigens on MHC class I to CD8 T cells.

    “Last, several studies have indicated that LECs themselves can directly present antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I to CD8 T cells (128–130).”

    From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [130]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 77

  1. [1]Hirosue S Dubrot J Modes of antigen presentation by lymph node stromal cells and their immunological implications Front. Immunol. 2015 6 446 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00446 26441957 PMC4561840 · DOI
  2. [2]Malhotra D Fletcher AL Turley SJ Stromal and hematopoietic cells in secondary lymphoid organs: partners in immunity Immunol. Rev. 2013 251 160 176 10.1111/imr.12023 23278748 PMC3539229 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [3]Card CM Yu SS Swartz MA Emerging roles of lymphatic endothelium in regulating adaptive immunity J. Clin. Invest. 2014 124 943 952 10.1172/JCI73316 24590280 PMC3938271 · DOI
  4. [4]Turley SJ Fletcher AL Elpek KG The stromal and haematopoietic antigen-presenting cells that reside in secondary lymphoid organs Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2010 10 813 825 10.1038/nri2886 21088682 · DOI
  5. [5]Podgrabinska S Skobe M Role of lymphatic vasculature in regional and distant metastases Microvasc. Res. 2014 95 46 52 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.004 25026412 PMC4446725 · DOI
  6. [6]Dubrot J Lymph node stromal cells acquire peptide-MHCII complexes from dendritic cells and induce antigen-specific CD4+ T cell tolerance J. Exp. Med. 2014 211 1153 1166 10.1084/jem.20132000 24842370 PMC4042642 · DOI
  7. [7]Tewalt EF Lymphatic endothelial cells induce tolerance via PD-L1 and lack of costimulation leading to high-level PD-1 expression on CD8 T cells Blood 2012 120 4772 4782 10.1182/blood-2012-04-427013 22993390 PMC3520619 · DOI · Paper page
  8. [8]Cohen JN Lymph node-resident lymphatic endothelial cells mediate peripheral tolerance via Aire-independent direct antigen presentation J. Exp. Med. 2010 207 681 688 10.1084/jem.20092465 20308365 PMC2856027 · DOI
  9. [9]Lund AW VEGF-C promotes immune tolerance in B16 melanomas and cross-presentation of tumor antigen by lymph node lymphatics Cell Rep. 2012 1 191 199 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.01.005 22832193 · DOI
  10. [10]Hirosue S Steady-state antigen scavenging, cross-presentation, and CD8+ T cell priming: a new role for lymphatic endothelial cells J. Immunol. 2014 192 5002 5011 10.4049/jimmunol.1302492 24795456 PMC4025611 · DOI
  11. [11]Mueller DL Mechanisms maintaining peripheral tolerance Nat. Immunol. 2010 11 21 27 10.1038/ni.1817 20016506 · DOI
  12. [12]Redmond WL Sherman LA Peripheral tolerance of CD8 T lymphocytes Immunity 2005 22 275 284 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.01.010 15780985 · DOI
  13. [13]Schietinger A Delrow JJ Basom RS Blattman JN Greenberg PD Rescued tolerant CD8 T cells are preprogrammed to reestablish the tolerant state Science 2012 335 723 727 10.1126/science.1214277 22267581 PMC3754789 · DOI
  14. [14]Vezys V Olson S Lefrançois L Expression of intestine-specific antigen reveals novel pathways of CD8 T cell tolerance induction Immunity 2000 12 505 514 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80202-2 10843383 · DOI
  15. [15]Böttcher JP Liver-primed memory T cells generated under noninflammatory conditions provide anti-infectious immunity Cell Rep. 2013 3 779 795 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.008 23499443 · DOI
  16. [16]Ahlers JD Belyakov IM Memories that last forever: strategies for optimizing vaccine T-cell memory Blood 2010 115 1678 1689 10.1182/blood-2009-06-227546 19903895 PMC2920202 · DOI
  17. [17]Kurtulus S Tripathi P Hildeman DA Protecting and rescuing the effectors: roles of differentiation and survival in the control of memory T cell development Front. Immunol. 2012 3 404 23346085 PMC3552183
  18. [18]Harty JT Badovinac VP Shaping and reshaping CD8+ T-cell memory Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008 8 107 119 10.1038/nri2251 18219309 · DOI
  19. [19]Joshi NS Kaech SM Effector CD8 T cell development: a balancing act between memory cell potential and terminal differentiation J. Immunol. 2008 180 1309 1315 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1309 18209024 · DOI
  20. [20]Fletcher AL Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells directly present peripheral tissue antigen under steady-state and inflammatory conditions J. Exp. Med. 2010 207 689 697 10.1084/jem.20092642 20308362 PMC2856033 · DOI
  21. [21]Merad M Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions Nat. Immunol. 2002 3 1135 1141 10.1038/ni852 12415265 PMC4727838 · DOI
  22. [22]Stoitzner P Langerhans cells cross-present antigen derived from skin Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2006 103 7783 7788 10.1073/pnas.0509307103 16672373 PMC1472522 · DOI
  23. [23]Flacher V Murine Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells prime CD8+ T cells while Langerhans cells induce cross-tolerance EMBO Mol. Med. 2014 6 1191 1204 10.15252/emmm.201303283 25085878 PMC4197865 · DOI
  24. [24]Roozendaal R Conduits mediate transport of low-molecular-weight antigen to lymph node follicles Immunity 2009 30 264 276 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.12.014 19185517 PMC2699624 · DOI
  25. [25]Gerner MY Torabi-Parizi P Germain RN Strategically localized dendritic cells promote rapid T cell responses to lymph-borne particulate antigens Immunity 2015 42 172 185 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.024 25607462 · DOI
  26. [26]Itano AA Distinct dendritic cell populations sequentially present antigen to CD4 T cells and stimulate different aspects of cell-mediated immunity Immunity 2003 19 47 57 10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00175-4 12871638 · DOI
  27. [27]Onder L IL-7-producing stromal cells are critical for lymph node remodeling Blood 2012 120 4675 4683 10.1182/blood-2012-03-416859 22955921 PMC3952724 · DOI
  28. [28]Miller CN IL-7 production in murine lymphatic endothelial cells and induction in the setting of peripheral lymphopenia Int. Immunol. 2013 25 471 483 10.1093/intimm/dxt012 23657000 PMC3720065 · DOI
  29. [29]Hirosue S Kourtis IC van der Vlies AJ Hubbell JA Swartz MA Antigen delivery to dendritic cells by poly(propylene sulfide) nanoparticles with disulfide conjugated peptides: cross-presentation and T cell activation Vaccine 2010 28 7897 7906 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.077 20934457 · DOI
  30. [30]Obar JJ Lefrançois L Memory CD8+ T cell differentiation Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2010 1183 251 266 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05126.x 20146720 PMC2836783 · DOI
  31. [34]Zhang Y Joe G Hexner E Zhu J Emerson SG Host-reactive CD8+ memory stem cells in graft-versus-host disease Nat. Med. 2005 11 1299 1305 10.1038/nm1326 16288282 · DOI · Paper page
  32. [36]Cieri N IL-7 and IL-15 instruct the generation of human memory stem T cells from naive precursors Blood 2013 121 573 584 10.1182/blood-2012-05-431718 23160470 · DOI
  33. [37]Enouz S Carrié L Merkler D Bevan MJ Zehn D Autoreactive T cells bypass negative selection and respond to self-antigen stimulation during infection J. Exp. Med. 2012 209 1769 1779 10.1084/jem.20120905 22987800 PMC3457731 · DOI
  34. [38]Haluszczak C The antigen-specific CD8+ T cell repertoire in unimmunized mice includes memory phenotype cells bearing markers of homeostatic expansion J. Exp. Med. 2009 206 435 448 10.1084/jem.20081829 19188498 PMC2646575 · DOI
  35. [39]Böttcher J Knolle PA Global transcriptional characterization of CD8+ T cell memory Semin. Immunol. 2015 27 4 9 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.001 25841628 · DOI
  36. [40]Crotty S Johnston RJ Schoenberger SP Effectors and memories: Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 in T and B lymphocyte differentiation Nat. Immunol. 2010 11 114 120 10.1038/ni.1837 20084069 PMC2864556 · DOI
  37. [41]Wirth TC Repetitive antigen stimulation induces stepwise transcriptome diversification but preserves a core signature of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation Immunity 2010 33 128 140 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.014 20619696 PMC2912220 · DOI
  38. [42]Tolksdorf F The PDL1-inducible GTPase Arl4d controls T effector function by limiting IL-2 production Sci. Rep. 2018 8 16123 10.1038/s41598-018-34522-4 30382149 PMC6208435 · DOI
  39. [43]Scholz G Modulation of mTOR signalling triggers the formation of stem cell-like memory T cells EBioMedicine 2016 4 50 61 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.019 26981571 PMC4776068 · DOI
  40. [44]Choi UY Tripartite motif-containing protein 30 modulates TCR-activated proliferation and effector functions in CD4+ T cells PLoS One 2014 9 e95805 10.1371/journal.pone.0095805 24756037 PMC3995923 · DOI
  41. [45]Bai A Hu H Yeung M Chen J Kruppel-like factor 2 controls T cell trafficking by activating L-selectin (CD62L) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 transcription J. Immunol. 2007 178 7632 7639 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7632 17548599 · DOI
  42. [46]Best JA Transcriptional insights into the CD8(+) T cell response to infection and memory T cell formation Nat. Immunol. 2013 14 404 412 10.1038/ni.2536 23396170 PMC3689652 · DOI
  43. [47]The Gene Ontology Consortium. Gene Ontology Consortium: going forward Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 43 D1049 D1056 10.1093/nar/gku1179 25428369 PMC4383973 · DOI · Paper page
  44. [48]Chang JT Wherry EJ Goldrath AW Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation Nat. Immunol. 2014 15 1104 1115 10.1038/ni.3031 25396352 PMC4386685 · DOI
  45. [49]Araki K mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation Nature 2009 460 108 112 10.1038/nature08155 19543266 PMC2710807 · DOI · Paper page
  46. [50]Pollizzi KN mTORC1 and mTORC2 selectively regulate CD8+ T cell differentiation J. Clin. Invest. 2015 125 2090 2108 10.1172/JCI77746 25893604 PMC4463194 · DOI
  47. [51]von Andrian UH Mempel TR Homing and cellular traffic in lymph nodes Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003 3 867 878 10.1038/nri1222 14668803 · DOI
  48. [52]Kastenmuller W Peripheral prepositioning and local CXCL9 chemokine-mediated guidance orchestrate rapid memory CD8+ T cell responses in the lymph node Immunity 2013 38 502 513 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.012 23352234 PMC3793246 · DOI
  49. [53]Sung JH Chemokine guidance of central memory T cells is critical for antiviral recall responses in lymph nodes Cell 2012 150 1249 1263 10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.015 22980984 PMC3445043 · DOI
  50. [54]Bassett JD CD8+ T-cell expansion and maintenance after recombinant adenovirus immunization rely upon cooperation between hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic antigen-presenting cells Blood 2011 117 1146 1155 10.1182/blood-2010-03-272336 21088134 · DOI
  51. [55]Williams MA Bevan MJ Effector and memory CTL differentiation Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2007 25 171 192 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141548 17129182 · DOI
  52. [56]Zehn D Roepke S Weakly K Bevan MJ Prlic M Inflammation and TCR signal strength determine the breadth of the T cell response in a bim-dependent manner J. Immunol. 2014 192 200 205 10.4049/jimmunol.1302289 24273000 PMC3903384 · DOI
  53. [57]Cui W Joshi NS Jiang A Kaech SM Effects of Signal 3 during CD8 T cell priming: Bystander production of IL-12 enhances effector T cell expansion but promotes terminal differentiation Vaccine 2009 27 2177 2187 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.088 19201385 PMC2803112 · DOI
  54. [58]Kaneko S IL-7 and IL-15 allow the generation of suicide gene-modified alloreactive self-renewing central memory human T lymphocytes Blood 2009 113 1006 1015 10.1182/blood-2008-05-156059 18978209 · DOI
  55. [59]Buchholz VR Gräf P Busch DH The smallest unit: effector and memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation on the single cell level Front. Immunol. 2013 4 31 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00031 23424063 PMC3573211 · DOI
  56. [61]Ahmed R Bevan MJ Reiner SL Fearon DT The precursors of memory: models and controversies Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2009 9 662 668 10.1038/nri2619 19680250 · DOI
  57. [62]Lefrançois L Marzo AL The descent of memory T-cell subsets Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006 6 618 623 10.1038/nri1866 16868553 · DOI
  58. [63]Gattinoni L Klebanoff CA Restifo NP Paths to stemness: building the ultimate antitumour T cell Nat. Rev. Cancer 2012 12 671 684 10.1038/nrc3322 22996603 PMC6352980 · DOI
  59. [64]Kambayashi T Assarsson E Lukacher AE Ljunggren H-G Jensen PE Memory CD8+ T cells provide an early source of IFN-gamma J. Immunol. 2003 170 2399 2408 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2399 12594263 · DOI
  60. [65]Boesteanu AC Katsikis PD Memory T cells need CD28 costimulation to remember Semin. Immunol. 2009 21 69 77 10.1016/j.smim.2009.02.005 19268606 PMC2923542 · DOI
  61. [66]Swartz MA Inflammatory lymphangiogenesis in postpartum breast tissue remodeling J. Clin. Invest. 2014 124 3704 3707 10.1172/JCI77765 25133423 PMC4151213 · DOI
  62. [67]Angeli V Randolph GJ Inflammation, lymphatic function, and dendritic cell migration Lymphatic Res. Biol. 2006 4 217 228 10.1089/lrb.2006.4406 17394405 · DOI
  63. [68]Finlay BB McFadden G Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens Cell 2006 124 767 782 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.034 16497587 · DOI
  64. [69]Hickman HD Direct priming of antiviral CD8+ T cells in the peripheral interfollicular region of lymph nodes Nat. Immunol. 2008 9 155 165 10.1038/ni1557 18193049 · DOI
  65. [71]Clement CC Rotzschke O Santambrogio L The lymph as a pool of self-antigens Trends Immunol. 2011 32 6 11 10.1016/j.it.2010.10.004 21123113 PMC3052980 · DOI
  66. [72]Thomas S Kolumam GA Murali-Krishna K Antigen presentation by nonhemopoietic cells amplifies clonal expansion of effector CD8 T cells in a pathogen-specific manner J. Immunol. 2007 178 5802 5811 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5802 17442964 · DOI
  67. [73]Fletcher AL Reproducible isolation of lymph node stromal cells reveals site-dependent differences in fibroblastic reticular cells Front. Immunol. 2011 2 1 15 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00035 22566825 PMC3342056 · DOI
  68. [74]Link A Fibroblastic reticular cells in lymph nodes regulate the homeostasis of naive T cells Nat. Immunol. 2007 8 1255 1265 10.1038/ni1513 17893676 · DOI
  69. [75]Lutz MB An advanced culture method for generating large quantities of highly pure dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow J. Immunol. Methods 1999 223 77 92 10.1016/S0022-1759(98)00204-X 10037236 · DOI
  70. [76]Broggi M Schmaler M Lagarde N Isolation of murine lymph node stromal cells J. Vis. Exp. 2014 19 e51803 PMC4827973 25178108
  71. [77]Korff Thomas Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture of Endothelial Cells Methods in Endothelial Cell Biology 2004 Berlin, Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 55 62
  72. [78]Overwijk WW gp100/pmel 17 is a murine tumor rejection antigen: induction of “self-”reactive, tumoricidal T cells using high-affinity, altered peptide ligand J. Exp. Med. 1998 188 277 286 10.1084/jem.188.2.277 9670040 PMC2212458 · DOI
  73. [79]Pope C Organ-specific regulation of the CD8 T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes infection J. Immunol. 2001 166 3402 3409 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3402 11207297 · DOI
  74. [80]David FPA HTSstation: a web application and open-access libraries for high-throughput sequencing data analysis PLoS One 2014 9 e85879 10.1371/journal.pone.0085879 24475057 PMC3903476 · DOI
  75. [81]Langmead B Trapnell C Pop M Salzberg SL Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome Genome Biol. 2009 10 R25 10.1186/gb-2009-10-3-r25 19261174 PMC2690996 · DOI · Paper page
  76. [82]Ritchie ME limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 43 e47 e47 10.1093/nar/gkv007 25605792 PMC4402510 · DOI · Paper page
  77. [83]Anders S Huber W Differential expression analysis for sequence count data Genome Biol. 2010 11 R106 10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106 20979621 PMC3218662 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Vokali, E., Yu, S. S., Hirosue, S., Rinçon-Restrepo, M., V. Duraes, F., Scherer, S., Corthésy-Henrioud, P., Kilarski, W. W., Mondino, A., Zehn, D., Hugues, S., & Swartz, M. A.
Affiliations
  • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • Swiss Vaccine Research Institute (CH)
  • IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
  • University of Geneva (CH)
Corresponding author
Swartz, Melody A.
Venue
Nature Communications
Published
2020-01-27
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
538-538
ISSN
2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3002285817
Cited by
69
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 5
FWCI
4.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • University of Chicago
  • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
  • Swiss Cancer Research Foundation
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA219304, R01CA253248)
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (323053)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords
lymphatic endothelial cells, CD8+ T cells, T cell memory, central memory T cells, stem cell-like memory T cells, T cell priming, lymph nodes, apoptosis, effector differentiation, memory retrieval, bacterial infection prevention, T cell homeostasis
MeSH terms
Animals, Immunologic Memory, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Gene Expression Profiling, Endothelial Cells, Cell Proliferation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review