The UK Biobank imaging enhancement of 100,000 participants: rationale, data collection, management and future directions
Open accessAbstract
UK Biobank is a population-based cohort of half a million participants aged 40–69 years recruited between 2006 and 2010. In 2014, UK Biobank started the world’s largest multi-modal imaging study, with the aim of re-inviting 100,000 participants to undergo brain, cardiac and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and carotid ultrasound. The combination of large-scale multi-modal imaging with extensive phenotypic and genetic data offers an unprecedented resource for scientists to conduct health-related research. This article provides an in-depth overview of the imaging enhancement, including the data collected, how it is managed and processed, and future directions.
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A subset of UK Biobank individuals underwent brain MRI, cardiac MRI, abdominal MRI, carotid ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, including repeat imaging across at least two time points.
“A subset of individuals also underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac MRI, abdominal MRI, carotid ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, including repeat imaging across at least two time points 85 .”
From Multimodal biomedical AI (2022) · cites this paper as [85]
The Introduction confirms that a subset of UK Biobank participants underwent the five listed imaging modalities. The section ‘Repeat multi-modal imaging on 10,000 participants’ says repeat imaging was being arranged and participants had booked appointments; it does not establish that participants had already undergone imaging at two time points. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Ge, T., Chen, C., Doyle, A. E., Vettermann, R., Tuominen, L. J., Holt, D. J., Sabuncu, M. R., & Smoller, J. W. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy216 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Impact of detecting potentially serious incidental findings during multi-modal imaging
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Osteoporosis epidemiology in UK Biobank: a unique opportunity for international researchers
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Thomson, R. J., Aung, N., Sanghvi, M. M., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194434 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wigmore, E. M., Clarke, T., Adams, M. J., et al. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/059352 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Shared Genetic Basis of Educational Attainment and Cerebral Cortical MorphologyPreprint
Ge, T., Chen, C., Doyle, A. E., Vettermann, R., Tuominen, L. J., Holt, D. J., Sabuncu, M. R., & Smoller, J. W. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/242776 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Carr, J. J. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Gooya, A., Pereañez, M., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.02688 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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Plasma proteomic associations with genetics and health in the UK Biobank
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SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank
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Contribution of Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Brain White Matter Hyperintensities
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Exposure to Air Pollution, Genetic Susceptibility, and Psoriasis Risk in the UK
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Fedorov, A., Longabaugh, W. J. R., Pot, D., Clunie, D. A., Pieper, S. D., Gibbs, D. L., Bridge, C., Herrmann, M. D., Homeyer, A., Lewis, R., et al. (2023) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/rg.230180 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Beyond Medical Imaging - A Review of Multimodal Deep Learning in Radiology
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- Authors
- Littlejohns, T. J., Holliday, J., Gibson, L. M., Garratt, S., Oesingmann, N., Alfaro-Almagro, F., Bell, J. D., Boultwood, C., Collins, R., Conroy, M. C., Crabtree, N., Doherty, N., Frangi, A. F., Harvey, N. C., Leeson, P., Miller, K. L., Neubauer, S., Petersen, S. E., Sellors, J., Sheard, S., Smith, S. M., Sudlow, C. L. M., Matthews, P. M., & Allen, N. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (GB)
- UK Biobank (GB)
- University of Westminster (GB)
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- William Harvey Research Institute (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- UK Dementia Research Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Littlejohns, Thomas J.
- ORCID
- Littlejohns, Thomas J.
- Holliday, Jo
- Gibson, Lorna M.
- Garratt, Steve
- Bell, Jimmy D.
- Collins, Rory
- Conroy, Megan C.
- Crabtree, Nicola
- Frangi, Alejandro F.
- Harvey, Nicholas C.
- Leeson, Paul
- Miller, Karla L.
- Neubauer, Stefan
- Petersen, Steffen E.
- Sellors, Jonathan
- Sheard, Simon
- Smith, Stephen M.
- Sudlow, Cathie L. M.
- Matthews, Paul M.
- Allen, Naomi E.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2020-05-26
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2624-2624
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7250878
- OpenAlex
- W3032464132
- Cited by
- 812
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 10.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- WestminsterResearch (University of Westminster) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Biogen
- Celgene
- Wellcome Trust (202788/Z/16/Z, 107190/Z/15/Z, /Z/15/Z, 107190)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0514-10022)
- British Heart Foundation (PG/17/13/32860, FS/11/65/28865)
- Royal Academy of Engineering (CiET1819\19, CIET 18/19)
- Imperial College London (H2020)
- European Commission (H2020 SC1, FP7 ICT, 601055, ICT-2011, FP7-ICT-2011-9, H2020, 777090, 777119, FP7‐ICT‐2011)
- Ipsen
- UK Dementia Research Institute
- Dementias Platform UK
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (777119, H2020-SC1, 777090)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K501013/1, FP7-ICT-2011-9-601055, MC_PC_17228, MR/N026934/1, MC_PC_17114, MC_PC_15067)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/N026993/1, H2020, FP7-ICT-2011-9-601055)
- Biomedical Research Council
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
- FP7 Information and Communication Technologies (FP7‐ICT‐2011‐9‐601055)
- Health Data Research UK
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- UK Biobank, multimodal imaging, brain MRI, cardiac MRI, abdominal MRI, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, carotid ultrasound, population-based cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Image Enhancement, Male, Middle Aged, Biological Specimen Banks, Information Management, Incidental Findings, Multimodal Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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