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A wireless patch for the monitoring of C-reactive protein in sweat
Open accessAbstract
The quantification of protein biomarkers in blood at picomolar-level sensitivity requires labour-intensive incubation and washing steps. Sensing proteins in sweat, which would allow for point-of-care monitoring, is hindered by the typically large interpersonal and intrapersonal variations in its composition. Here we report the design and performance of a wearable and wireless patch for the real-time electrochemical detection of the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive (CRP) protein in sweat. The device integrates iontophoretic sweat extraction, microfluidic channels for sweat sampling and for reagent routing and replacement, and a graphene-based sensor array for quantifying CRP (via an electrode functionalized with anti-CRP capture antibodies-conjugated gold nanoparticles), ionic strength, pH and temperature for the real-time calibration of the CRP sensor. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with active or past infections or who had heart failure, the elevated concentrations of CRP measured via the patch correlated well with the protein's levels in serum. Wearable biosensors for the real-time sensitive analysis of inflammatory proteins in sweat may facilitate the management of chronic diseases.
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“Javey group, Gao group and Wang group also focused on electrochemical biosensing of sweat using various wearable sweat patches for sweat rate [30], L-Dopa [138,139], and C-reactive protein [140], cortisol [141,142], ketone [143], glucose [144], and therapeutic drugs [145].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [140]
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Tian, H., Wang, L., Yang, W., Li, K., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Wang, H., & Hou, C. (2023) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d3mh00989k · Cited by 31
Kim, J., Oh, S., Yang, D. S., Rugg, L., Mathur, R., Kwak, S. S., Yoo, S., Li, S., Kanatzidis, E. E., Lee, G., et al. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116166 · Cited by 32
Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐Based Biosignal Sensors
Kim, M., Hong, S., Khan, R., Park, J. J., In, J. B., & Ko, S. H. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202405301 · Cited by 31
Cai, H., Wang, D., Zhao, Y., & Yang, C. (2026) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios16020104 · Cited by 34
A wearable sweat patch for non-invasive and wireless monitoring inflammatory status
Hua, Q., & Shen, G. (2023) · Journal of Semiconductors · doi:10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/100401 · Cited by 29
An ultrathin organic–inorganic integrated device for optical biomarker monitoring
Kim, K. Y., Kang, J., Song, S., Lee, K., Hwang, S., Ko, S. H., Jeon, H., Han, J., & Lee, W. (2024) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-024-01237-6 · Cited by 37
Jeon, S., Kim, S. H., Heo, G., Heo, H. J., Chae, S. Y., Kwon, Y. W., Lee, S. K., Han, D., Kim, H., Kim, Y. H., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202509658 · Cited by 29
Zhao, G., Li, Z.-Y., Huang, X., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., & Yu, X. (2024) · Soft Science · doi:10.20517/ss.2024.04 · Cited by 28
Wu, Y., Lin, Y., Zhang, M., He, K., & Tian, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1380719 · Cited by 28
Self‐Powered Wireless System for Monitoring Sweat Electrolytes in Personalized Healthcare Wearables
Zahed, M. A., Rana, S. M. S., Faruk, O., Islam, M. R., Reza, M. S., Lee, Y., Pradhan, G. B., Asaduzzaman, M., Kim, D., Bhatta, T., et al. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202421021 · Cited by 29
Fiber-based electrochemical sweat sensors toward personalized monitoring
Chang, Z., Wang, F., Wang, Z., Yu, J., Ding, B., & Li, Z. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101579 · Cited by 29
Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Fan, X., Liu, Y., Li, Z., Zheng, Z., Lin, Z., Zhang, W., Mu, Q., Mo, G., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.159209 · Cited by 28
Sensing patches for biomarker identification in skin-derived biofluids
Chen, W., Fu, D., Ma, T., Chen, M., Wang, F., Chen, G., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116326 · Cited by 27
Self-powered microfluidic-based sensor for noninvasive sweat analysis
Peringeth, K., Ganguly, A., Pal, A., Chowdhury, J. R., Kaswan, K., Ho, H.-Y., Yu, J., Kao, F., & Lin, Z. (2024) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2024.136859 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Tu, J., Min, J., Song, Y., Xu, C., Li, J., Moore, J., Hanson, J., Hu, E., Parimon, T., Wang, T.-Y., Davoodi, E., Chou, T.-F., Chen, P., Hsu, J. J., Rossiter, H. B., & Gao, W.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- The Lundquist Institute (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Wei
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2023-06-22
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1293-1306
- ISSN
- 2157-846X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10592261
- OpenAlex
- W4381612623
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 171 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 22
- FWCI
- 29.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (19TPA34850157)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21DK13266, T32EB027629, 1S10OD02001301)
- National Science Foundation (2145802)
- United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-21-1-2483, N00014-21-1-2845)
- Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (T31IP1666)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Technology Ventures Internal Project)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, sweat monitoring, electrochemical biosensor, iontophoresis, anti-CRP antibody, gold nanoparticles, point-of-care monitoring, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory markers
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, C-Reactive Protein, Gold, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Sweat, Biomarkers, Metal Nanoparticles
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