Cited by 302Health disparities and outcomesIntergenerational and Educational Inequality StudiesSchool Choice and Performance

The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank

Open access
Davies, Neil M., Dickson, Matt, Davey Smith, George, van den Berg, Gerard J., Windmeijer, Frank·2018·Nature Human Behaviour

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41562-017-0279-y

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A quasi-experimental study by Davies et al. found that raising the school-leaving age improved not only IQ but also a variety of indicators of health and well-being.

    “A quasiexperimental study by Davies, Dickson, Davey Smith, van den Berg, and Windmeijer (2018) found that raising the school-leaving age improved not only IQ but also a variety of indicators of health and well-being.”

    From How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Davies, Dickson, Davey Smith, van den Berg, and Windmeijer (2018)

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 32

  1. [1]Lager ACJ Torssander J Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012 109 8461 8466 22586112 PMC3365223
  2. [2]Clark D Royer H The Effect of Education on Adult Mortality and Health: Evidence from Britain Am Econ Rev 2013 103 2087 2120 29533059
  3. [5]Fry A Comparison of Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics of UK Biobank Participants With Those of the General Population Am J Epidemiol 2017 186 1026 1034 28641372 PMC5860371
  4. [8]Conti G Heckman J Urzua S The Education-Health Gradient Am Econ Rev 2010 100 234 238 24741117 PMC3985402
  5. [9]Naess O Hoff DA Lawlor D Mortensen LH Education and adult cause-specific mortality--examining the impact of family factors shared by 871 367 Norwegian siblings Int J Epidemiol 2012 41 1683 1691 23064505
  6. [11]Nordahl H Education and Cause-specific Mortality: The Mediating Role of Differential Exposure and Vulnerability to Behavioral Risk Factors Epidemiology 2014 25 389 396 24625538
  7. [12]Mackenbach JP Variations in the relation between education and cause-specific mortality in 19 European populations: A test of the ‘fundamental causes’ theory of social inequalities in health Soc Sci Med 2015 127 51 62 24932917
  8. [13]Strand BH Educational inequalities in mortality over four decades in Norway: prospective study of middle aged men and women followed for cause specific mortality, 1960-2000 BMJ 2010 340 c654 c654 20179132 PMC2827714
  9. [14]Baker DP Leon J Smith Greenaway EG Collins J Movit M The Education Effect on Population Health: A Reassessment Popul Dev Rev 2011 37 307 332 21984851 PMC3188849
  10. [15]Spearman C ‘General Intelligence,’ Objectively Determined and Measured Am J Psychol 1904 15 201 14717630
  11. [16]Davey Smith G Education and occupational social class: which is the more important indicator of mortality risk? J Epidemiol Community Health 1998 52 153 160 9616419 PMC1756692
  12. [17]Schafer MH Wilkinson LR Ferraro KF Childhood (Mis)fortune, Educational Attainment, and Adult Health: Contingent Benefits of a College Degree? Soc Forces 2013 91 1007 1034 29997399 PMC6036640
  13. [18]Clouston SA Benefits of educational attainment on adult fluid cognition: international evidence from three birth cohorts Int J Epidemiol 2012 41 1729 1736 23108707 PMC3535750
  14. [19]Richards M Sacker A Is education causal? Yes Int J Epidemiol 2011 40 516 518 20926370
  15. [20]Davey-Smith G Ebrahim S Epidemiology--is it time to call it a day? Int J Epidemiol 2001 30 1 11171840
  16. [22]Deary IJ Johnson W Intelligence and education: causal perceptions drive analytic processes and therefore conclusions Int J Epidemiol 2010 39 1362 1369 20504860
  17. [24]Nguyen TT Instrumental variable approaches to identifying the causal effect of educational attainment on dementia risk Ann Epidemiol 2016 26 71 76.e3 26633592 PMC4688127
  18. [25]Layard R Youth unemployment in Britain and the United States compared The youth labor market problem: Its nature, causes, and consequences 1982 499 542 University of Chicago Press
  19. [29]Collins R What makes UK Biobank special? The Lancet 2012 379 1173 1174 22463865
  20. [30]O’Keeffe AG Regression discontinuity designs: an approach to the evaluation of treatment efficacy in primary care using observational data BMJ 2014 349 g5293 g5293 25199521
  21. [32]Torssander J From Child to Parent? The Significance of Children’s Education for Their Parents’ Longevity Demography 2013 50 637 659 23055239
  22. [36]Richards M Sacker A Lifetime Antecedents of Cognitive Reserve J Clin Exp Neuropsychol Neuropsychol Dev Cogn Sect A 2003 25 614 624 12815499
  23. [37]Gilman SE Educational attainment and cigarette smoking: a causal association? Int J Epidemiol 2008 37 615 624 18180240 PMC4939617
  24. [38]Turley P Heterogeneous Impacts of Education on Health (chapter coauthored with Barcellos and Carvalho) Harvard University 2016
  25. [40]Rothman KJ Gallacher JE Hatch EE Why representativeness should be avoided Int J Epidemiol 2013 42 1012 1014 24062287 PMC3888189
  26. [41]Cole SR Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider Int J Epidemiol 2009 39 417 420 19926667 PMC2846442
  27. [46]Rietveld CA GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment Science 2013 340 1467 1471 23722424 PMC3751588
  28. [47]Hagenaars SP Shared genetic aetiology between cognitive functions and physical and mental health in UK Biobank (N = 112 151) and 24 GWAS consortia 2015 PMC5078856 26809841
  29. [51]Canan C Lesko C Lau B Instrumental Variable Analyses and Selection Bias Epidemiology 2017 28 396 398 28169934 PMC5378646
  30. [55]Keller MC Gene × Environment Interaction Studies Have Not Properly Controlled for Potential Confounders: The Problem and the (Simple) Solution Biol Psychiatry 2014 75 18 24 24135711 PMC3859520
  31. [59]Hayashi F Econometrics Princeton University Press 2000
  32. [61]Altman DG Bland JM Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates BMJ 2003 326 219 12543843 PMC1125071

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Davies, N. M., Dickson, M., Davey Smith, G., van den Berg, G. J., & Windmeijer, F.
Affiliations
  • University of Bristol (GB)
  • University of Bath (GB)
Corresponding author
Davies, Neil M.
Venue
Nature Human Behaviour
Published
2018-01-29
Volume
2
Issue
2
Pages
117-125
ISSN
2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2790866882
Cited by
302
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
FWCI
26.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Bristol (MC_UU_12013/1, MC_UU_12013/9)
  • Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013, MCUU12013/1, MC_PC_17228, MC_UU_12013/9)
  • Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N000757/1)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
  • Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
Keywords
educational attainment, school leaving age, diabetes risk, mortality, health outcomes, causal effects of education, UK Biobank, natural experiment, regression discontinuity design

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review