Population phenomena inflate genetic associations of complex social traits
Open accessAbstract
In this paper, we review and demonstrate how population phenomena can inflate genotype-phenotype associations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
GWAS associations can be interpreted as estimates of direct individual genetic effects, that is, the effect of inheriting a genetic variant (or a correlated variant) on a phenotype.
“GWAS associations can be interpreted as estimates of direct individual genetic effects, that is, the effect of inheriting a genetic variant (or a correlated variant) on a phenotype4–6.”
From Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction (Estimation of genotype-phenotype associations; page unavailable) identifies individual-level variant substitution effects as the usual target of genotype–phenotype analyses and describes GWAS associations as per-SNP estimates. But the Discussion (page unavailable) cautions that a genetic association does not necessarily imply such an effect: population stratification, assortative mating, and dynastic effects can confound it. The claim omits that qualification on interpreting GWAS associations as direct effects. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPre-registration of study protocols has not been widely adopted in observational epidemiology, although it could in principle be applied and help protect against bias such as publication bias against null results or findings that do not fit the anticipated conclusion.
“Pre-registration of study protocols has not been widely adopted in observational epidemiology, although it could in principle be applied and help protect against bias, such as publication bias against null results or findings that do not fit with the anticipated conclusion.161,162”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [162]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.
Introduction to Quantitative Genetics.
Edwards, A. W. F., & Falconer, D. S. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529912 · Cited by 21,447 · see citing works
The genetical theory of natural selection
Fisher, R. A. (1930) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.27468 · Cited by 17,617 · see citing works
GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis
Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011 · Cited by 8,279 · see citing works
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P.-R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., Yang, J., Patterson, N., Daly, M. J., Price, A. L., & Neale, B. M. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3211 · Cited by 5,559 · see citing works
CAUSALITY: MODELS, REASONING AND INFERENCE
Hitchcock, C., & Pearl, J. (2001) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/3182612 · Cited by 4,824 · see citing works
An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits
ReproGen Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3, Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P.-R., Duncan, L., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3406 · Cited by 4,255 · see citing works
Boyd, A., Golding, J., Macleod, J., Lawlor, D. A., Fraser, A., Henderson, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., Ring, S., & Davey Smith, G. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys064 · Cited by 2,996 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort
Fraser, A., Macdonald-Wallis, C., Tilling, K., Boyd, A., Golding, J., Davey Smith, G., Henderson, J., Macleod, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys066 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
23andMe Research Team, Lee, J. J., COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium), Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Wedow, R., Okbay, A., Kong, E., Maghzian, O., Zacher, M., Nguyen-Viet, T. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3 · Cited by 2,470 · see citing works
Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development
Duncan, G. J., Brooks‐Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00752.x · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
Intelligence and educational achievement
Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001 · Cited by 1,723 · see citing works
Negative Controls: A Tool for Detecting Confounding and Bias in Observational Studies
Lipsitch, M., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E., & Cohen, T. (2010) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181d61eeb · Cited by 1,583 · see citing works
Genes mirror geography within Europe
Novembre, J., Johnson, T., Bryc, K., Kutalik, Z., Boyko, A. R., Auton, A., Indap, A., King, K. S., Bergmann, S., Nelson, M. R., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07331 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children
Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D'Onofrio, B., & Gottesman, I. I. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment
Okbay, A., Beauchamp, J. P., Fontana, M. A., Lee, J. J., Pers, T. H., Rietveld, C. A., Turley, P., Chen, G.-B., Emilsson, V., Meddens, S. F. W., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17671 · Cited by 1,297 · see citing works
Five Decades of Educational Assortative Mating
Mare, R. D. (1991) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095670 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
PRSice: Polygenic Risk Score software
Euesden, J., Lewis, C. M., & O’Reilly, P. F. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu848 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Tilling, K., & Davey Smith, G. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw314 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: The HUNT Study, Norway
Krokstad, S., Langhammer, A., Hveem, K., Holmen, T., Midthjell, K., Stene, T., Bratberg, G., Heggland, J., & Holmen, J. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys095 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works
Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities.
Noble, K. G., McCandliss, B. D., & Farah, M. J. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Cohort profile: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Magnus, P. M., Irgens, L. M., Haug, K., Nystad, W., Skjærven, R., & Stoltenberg, C. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl170 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research
Strenze, T. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes
Kong, A., Thorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L., Vilhjalmsson, B. J., Young, A. I., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Benonisdottir, S., Oddsson, A., Halldorsson, B. V., Masson, G., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6877 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Measuring socioeconomic position in health research
Galobardes, B., Lynch, J., & Smith, G. D. (2007) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldm001 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Self-citationGWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment
Rietveld, C. A., Medland, S. E., Derringer, J., Yang, J., Esko, T., Martin, N. W., Westra, H.-J., Shakhbazov, K., Abdellaoui, A., Agrawal, A., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1235488 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Study, T. L. C., Yang, J., Bakshi, A., Zhu, Z., Hemani, G., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Lee, S. H., Robinson, M. R., Perry, J. R. B., Nolte, I. M., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3390 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Self-citationImproved Heritability Estimation from Genome-wide SNPs
Speed, D., Hemani, G., Johnson, M. R., & Balding, D. J. (2012) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.010 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Self-citationRobust research needs many lines of evidence
Munafò, M. R., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Inequality in the Early Cognitive Development of British Children in the 1970 Cohort
Feinstein, L. (2003) · Economica · doi:10.1111/1468-0335.t01-1-00272 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Visscher, P. M., Medland, S. E., Ferreira, M. A. R., Morley, K. I., Zhu, G., Cornes, B. K., Montgomery, G. W., & Martin, N. G. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020041 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population
Leslie, S., WINNEY, B. J., Hellenthal, G., Davison, D., Boumertit, A., Day, T., Hutnik, K., Røyrvik, E. C., Cunliffe, B. W., Lawson, D. J., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14230 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Unequal chances: family background and economic success
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-6612 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Recovery of trait heritability from whole genome sequence data
Wainschtein, P., Jain, D., Zheng, Z., TOPMed Anthropometry Working Group, NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium, Cupples, L. A., Shadyab, A. H., McKnight, B., Shoemaker, B. M., Mitchell, B. D., et al. (2019) · doi:10.1101/588020 · Cited by 515 · cited 1× · see citing works
“60 Previous studies have highlighted that GREML heritability estimates are upwards biased by family effects 34,37 , this bias may be present in our results.”
BackgroundCorrelation between Genetic and Geographic Structure in Europe
Lao, O., Lu, T. T., Nothnagel, M., Junge, O., Freitag-Wolf, S., Caliebe, A., Balascakova, M., Bertranpetit, J., Bindoff, L. A., Comas, D., et al. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Reevaluation of SNP heritability in complex human traits
Speed, D., Cai, N., Johnson, M. R., Nejentsev, S., & Balding, D. J. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3865 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Buss, D. M. (1985) · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Ligthart, S., Vaez, A., Võsa, U., Stathopoulou, M. G., de Vries, P. S., Prins, B. P., van der Most, P. J., Tanaka, T., Naderi, E., Rose, L. M., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.009 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationBrumpton, B., Sanderson, E., Heilbron, K., Hartwig, F. P., Harrison, S., Vie, G. Å., Cho, Y., Howe, L. D., Hughes, A., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17117-4 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationAssortative mating, or who marries whom?
Vandenberg, S. G. (1972) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01065686 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Variation in the Heritability of Educational Attainment: An International Meta-Analysis
Branigan, A. R., McCallum, K. J., & Freese, J. (2013) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot076 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Smith, G. D. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr117 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic evidence of assortative mating in humans
Robinson, M. R., Kleinman, A., Graff, M., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Couper, D., Miller, M. B., Peyrot, W. J., Abdellaoui, A., Zietsch, B. P., Nolte, I. M., et al. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0016 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationVisscher, P. M., Hemani, G., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Chen, G., Lee, S., Wray, N. R., Goddard, M. E., & Yang, J. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004269 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citationKrapohl, E. M. L., Rimfeld, K., Shakeshaft, N. G., Trzaskowski, M., McMillan, A. J., Pingault, J., Asbury, K., Harlaar, N., Kovas, Y. V., Dale, P. S., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1408777111 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Genetic analysis of social-class mobility in five longitudinal studies
Belsky, D. W., Domingue, B. W., Wedow, R., Arseneault, L., Boardman, J. D., Caspi, A., Conley, D., Fletcher, J. M., Freese, J., Herd, P., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1801238115 · Cited by 315 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies with a genetic focus that study complex social phenomena 16,17 may be particularly susceptible to these biases and we therefore focus on the growing area of sociogenomics, but our findings are relevant to the broader genetic literature.”
BackgroundApparent latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis
Haworth, S., Mitchell, R., Corbin, L., Wade, K. H., Dudding, T., Budu-Aggrey, A., Carslake, D., Hemani, G., Paternoster, L., Smith, G. D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08219-1 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationThe causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank
Davies, N. M., Dickson, M., Davey Smith, G., van den Berg, G. J., & Windmeijer, F. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0279-y · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationSocioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence
von Stumm, S., & Plomin, R. J. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.002 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The heritability of human disease: estimation, uses and abuses.
Tenesa, A., & Haley, C. S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3377 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
D. S. Falconer and Introduction to Quantitative Genetics
Hill, W. G., & Mackay, T. F. C. (2004) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/167.4.1529 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The genetic architecture of economic and political preferences
Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D. A., van der Loos, M., Dawes, C. T., Koellinger, P., Magnusson, P. K. E., Chabris, C. F., Conley, D., Laibson, D., Johannesson, M., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1120666109 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition.
Watkins, M. W., & Smith, L. G. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031653 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Haplotype Reference Consortium, Evans, L. M., Tahmasbi, R., Vrieze, S. I., Abecasis, G. R., Das, S., Gazal, S., Bjelland, D. W., de Candia, T. R., Goddard, M. E., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0108-x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Tucker-Drob, E., Rhemtulla, M., Harden, K., Turkheimer, E., & Fask, D. (2010) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610392926 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Ni, G., Moser, G., Ripke, S., Neale, B. M., Corvin, A. P., Walters, J., Farh, K.-H., Holmans, P., Lee, P., Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.021 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Heritability of Educational Achievement in 12-year-olds and the Overlap with Cognitive Ability
Bartels, M., Rietveld, M. J. H., van Baal, G. C. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2002) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/136905202762342017 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Why the Apple Doesn't Fall Far: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Human CapitalPreprint
Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.605783 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Relatedness disequilibrium regression estimates heritability without environmental bias
Young, A. I., Frigge, M. L., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Thorleifsson, G., Bjornsdottir, G., Sulem, P., Masson, G., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., & Kong, A. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0178-9 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Predicting educational achievement from DNA
Selzam, S., Krapohl, E. M. L., von Stumm, S., O’Reilly, P. F., Rimfeld, K., Kovas, Y. V., Dale, P. S., Lee, J. J., & Plomin, R. J. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.107 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Krapohl, E., & Plomin, R. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.2 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Hamer, D. H., & Sirota, L. A. (2000) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000662 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Within family Mendelian randomization studies
Davies, N. M., Howe, L. J., Brumpton, B., Havdahl, A., Evans, D. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz204 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular genetic contributions to socioeconomic status and intelligence
Marioni, R. E., Davies, G., Hayward, C., Liewald, D., Kerr, S. M., Campbell, A. I., Michelle Luciano, A., Smith, B. H., Padmanabhan, S., Hocking, L. J., et al. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.006 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Rindermann, H., & Neubauer, A. C. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.06.005 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Genetic influence on family socioeconomic status and children's intelligence
Trzaskowski, M., Harlaar, N., Arden, R., Krapohl, E., Rimfeld, K., McMillan, A., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.11.002 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Imprint of assortative mating on the human genome
Yengo, L., Robinson, M. R., Keller, M. C., Kemper, K. E., Yang, Y., Trzaskowski, M., Gratten, J., Turley, P., Cesarini, D., Benjamin, D. J., et al. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0476-3 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Is the Effect of Parental Education on Offspring Biased or Moderated by Genotype?
Conley, D., Domingue, B. W., Cesarini, D. A., Dawes, C. T., Rietveld, C. A., & Boardman, J. (2015) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v2.a6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Erratum: Predicting educational achievement from DNA
Selzam, S., Krapohl, E. M. L., von Stumm, S., O’Reilly, P. F., Rimfeld, K., Kovas, Y. V., Dale, P. S., Lee, J. J., & Plomin, R. J. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.203 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Shakeshaft, N. G., Trzaskowski, M., McMillan, A., Rimfeld, K., Krapohl, E., Haworth, C., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080341 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The stability of educational achievement across school years is largely explained by genetic factors
Rimfeld, K., Malanchini, M., Krapohl, E. M. L., Hannigan, L. J., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. J. (2018) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-018-0030-0 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Is population structure in the genetic biobank era irrelevant, a challenge, or an opportunity?
Lawson, D. J., Davies, N. M., Haworth, S. J., Ashraf, B. H., Howe, L. J., Crawford, A. A., Hemani, G., Smith, G. D., & Timpson, N. J. (2019) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02014-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationCheesman, R., Hunjan, A. K., Coleman, J. R. I., Ahmadzadeh, Y. I., Plomin, R. J., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., & Breen, G. D. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620904450 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Inference of the Genetic Architecture Underlying BMI and Height with the Use of 20,240 Sibling Pairs
Hemani, G., Yang, J., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Powell, J. E., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Hottenga, J., Abdellaoui, A., Mangino, M., Valdes, A. M., Medland, S. E., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationNielsen, F. (2006) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0135 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Bias in Mendelian randomization due to assortative mating
Hartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22138 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationOkada, Y., Takahashi, A., Ohmiya, H., Kumasaka, N., Kamatani, Y., Hosono, N., Tsunoda, T., Matsuda, K., Tanaka, T., Kubo, M., et al. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq551 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Crawford, J. R., Allum, S., & Kinion, J. E. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466507x258859 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Equality and Opportunity in Education: Evidence from the 1958 and 1970 birth cohort studies
Bynner, J. M., & Joshi, H. E. (2002) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/0305498022000013599 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Genetic Correlation between Height and IQ: Shared Genes or Assortative Mating?
Keller, M. C., Garver‐Apgar, C. E., Wright, M. J., Martin, N. G., Corley, R. P., Stallings, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., & Zietsch, B. P. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003451 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Brumpton, B., Sanderson, E., Hartwig, F., Harrison, S., Vie, G. Å., Cho, Y., Howe, L., Hughes, A. M., Boomsma, D., Havdahl, A., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/602516 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics in Population Health Science: Strategies and Opportunities
Belsky, D. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301139 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Linear mixed model for heritability estimation that explicitly addresses environmental variation
Heckerman, D. E., Gurdasani, D., Kadie, C. M., Pomilla, C., Carstensen, T., Martin, H. C., Ekoru, K., Nsubuga, R. N., Ssenyomo, G., Kamali, A., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1510497113 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Arrival of Social Science Genomics
Jeremy Freese, A. (2018) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306118792214a · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental contributions to educational attainment in Australia
Miller, P. W., Mulvey, C., & Martin, N. (2001) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7757(00)00018-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Genetic evidence for assortative mating on alcohol consumption in the UK Biobank
Howe, L. J., Lawson, D. J., Davies, N. M., St. Pourcain, B., Lewis, S. J., Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12424-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationBowles, S., Gintis, H., & Groves, M. O. (2009) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400835492 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Prandy, K. (1999) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00167 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Educational Attainment Influences Levels of Homozygosity through Migration and Assortative Mating
Abdellaoui, A., Hottenga, J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T., Ehli, E. A., Davies, G. E., Brooks, A. I., Sullivan, P. F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118935 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Morris, T., Dorling, D., & Smith, G. D. (2016) · Contemporary Social Science · doi:10.1080/21582041.2016.1138502 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationThe causal meaning of Fisher's average effect
Lee, J. J., & Chow, C. C. (2013) · Genetics Research · doi:10.1017/s0016672313000074 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Social inequality and assortative mating: Cause or consequence?
Heath, A. C., Eaves, L. J., Nance, W. E., & Corey, L. A. (1987) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01066007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Testing the validity of value‐added measures of educational progress with genetic data
Morris, T., Davies, N. M., Dorling, D., Richmond, R. C., & Smith, G. D. (2018) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3466 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationDavies, N. M., Hemani, G., Timpson, N. J., Windmeijer, F. A. G., & Smith, G. D. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep16509 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA brief note on the resemblance between relatives in the presence of population stratification
Sebro, R., & RISCH, N. J. (2012) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.124 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
de Vlaming, R., Okbay, A., Rietveld, C. A., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K. E., Uitterlinden, A. G., van Rooij, F. J. A., Hofman, A., Groenen, P. J. F., Thurik, A. R., et al. (2017) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006495 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000874 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [49]D. Wilson, G. Bridge, School choice and equality of opportunity: An international systematic review (Report for the Nuffield Foundation, 2019).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sanderson, E., Glymour, M. M., Holmes, M. V., Kang, H., Morrison, J., Munafò, M. R., Palmer, T., Schooling, C. M., Wallace, C., Zhao, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works
Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects
Howe, L. J., Nivard, M. G., Morris, T. T., Hansen, A. F., Rasheed, H., Cho, Y., Chittoor, G., Ahlskog, R., Lind, P. A., Palviainen, T., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01062-7 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Q., Sanderson, E., Tilling, K., Borges, M. C., & Lawlor, D. A. (2019) · doi:10.1101/19009605 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Genetic nurturing, missing heritability, and causal analysis in genetic statistics
Shen, H., & Feldman, M. W. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2015869117 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bird, K. A. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24216 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Morris, T. T., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Smith, G. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Morris, Tim T.
- Venue
- Science Advances
- Published
- 2020-04-17
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- eaay0328-eaay0328
- ISSN
- 2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7159920
- OpenAlex
- W2944638675
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome (102215/2/13/2)
- Medical Research Council (102215/2/13/2, MC_UU_12013/1, MC_UU_12013/9, MC_UU_00011/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N000757/1, ES/S011021/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- population stratification, assortative mating, heritability, genetic correlation, genetic association, genotype-phenotype correlation, academic performance, parental socioeconomic position, family-based designs
- MeSH terms
- Genotype, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Reproduction, Genetic Association Studies, Sociological Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
