Evaluation of the causal effects between subjective wellbeing and cardiometabolic health: mendelian randomisation study
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: To investigate whether the association between subjective wellbeing (subjective happiness and life satisfaction) and cardiometabolic health is causal. Design: Two sample, bidirectional mendelian randomisation study. Setting: Genetic data taken from various cohorts comprised of the general population (mostly individuals of European ancestry, plus a small proportion of other ancestries); follow-up analysis included individuals from the United Kingdom. Participants: Summary data were used from previous genome wide association studies (number of participants ranging from 83 198 to 339 224), which investigated traits related to cardiovascular or metabolic health, had the largest sample sizes, and consisted of the most similar populations while minimising sample overlap. A follow-up analysis included 337 112 individuals from the UK Biobank (54% female (n=181 363), mean age 56.87 years (standard deviation 8.00) at recruitment). Main outcome measures: Subjective wellbeing and 11 measures of cardiometabolic health (coronary artery disease; myocardial infarction; total, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol; diastolic and systolic blood pressure; body fat; waist to hip ratio; waist circumference; and body mass index). Results: Evidence of a causal effect of body mass index on subjective wellbeing was seen; each 1 kg/m 2 increase in body mass index caused a −0.045 (95% confidence interval −0.084 to −0.006, P=0.02) standard deviation reduction in subjective wellbeing. Follow-up analysis of this association in an independent sample from the UK Biobank provided strong evidence of an effect of body mass index on satisfaction with health (β=−0.035 unit decrease in health satisfaction (95% confidence interval −0.043 to −0.027) per standard deviation increase in body mass index, P<0.001). No clear evidence of a causal effect was seen between subjective wellbeing and the other cardiometabolic health measures, in either direction. Conclusions: These results suggest that a higher body mass index is associated with a lower subjective wellbeing. A follow-up analysis confirmed this finding, suggesting that the effect in middle aged people could be driven by satisfaction with health. Body mass index is a modifiable determinant, and therefore, this study provides further motivation to tackle the obesity epidemic because of the knock-on effects of higher body mass index on subjective wellbeing.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Metabolic diseases and obesity may adversely impact mental health.
“which themselves may adversely impact mental health 121-123”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [121]
The Discussion > Conclusion reports strong evidence that higher body mass index causes lower subjective wellbeing, supporting the obesity part of the claim. It also says there was no clear evidence of a causal association between subjective wellbeing and other measures of cardiometabolic health in either direction, so the broader claim about metabolic diseases is not established by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLater consequences of a poor diet include obesity and diabetes, which have already been shown to be associated with poorer mental health.
“For example, the later consequences of a poor diet include obesity and diabetes, which have already been shown to be associated with poorer mental health.11 31 32 33”
From Food and mood: How do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing? (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Yaşlı Kadınlarda Üreme Sağlığı
Kokanalı, D., & Engin Üstün, Y. (n.d.) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 170,090 · see citing works
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 13,173 · see citing works
Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic
Akram, D. S., Astrup, A. V., Atinmo, T., Boissin, J.-L., Bray, G. A., Carroll, K. N., Chitson, P., Chen, C., Dietz, W. H., Hill, J. O., et al. (2000) · Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · Cited by 12,945 · see citing works
Sudlow, C., Gallacher, J., Allen, N., Beral, V., Burton, P., Danesh, J., Downey, P., Elliott, P., Green, J., Landray, M., et al. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 · Cited by 12,728 · see citing works
Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., & Burgess, S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080 · Cited by 9,816 · see citing works
Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C., & Burgess, S. (2016) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21965 · Cited by 8,922 · see citing works
Verbanck, M., Chen, C.-Y., Neale, B., & Do, R. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7 · Cited by 8,591 · see citing works
The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome
Hemani, G., Zheng, J., Elsworth, B., Wade, K. H., Haberland, V., Baird, D., Laurin, C., Burgess, S., Bowden, J., Langdon, R., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.34408 · Cited by 7,959 · see citing works
Self-citationSubjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index
Diener, E. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.34 · Cited by 7,121 · see citing works
Mendelian Randomization Analysis With Multiple Genetic Variants Using Summarized Data
Burgess, S., Butterworth, A., & Thompson, S. G. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21758 · Cited by 6,050 · see citing works
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies
Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu328 · Cited by 4,677 · see citing works
Self-citationMendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A. C., Timpson, N., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3034 · Cited by 4,618 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology
Study, T. L. C., Locke, A. E., The ADIPOGen Consortium, The AGEN-BMI Working Group, The CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, The CKDGen Consortium, The, G. L. G. C., The, I. C. B. P., The MAGIC Investigators, The MuTHER Consortium, et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14177 · Cited by 4,534 · see citing works
Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians
Davies, N. M., Holmes, M. V., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k601 · Cited by 4,404 · see citing works
Self-citationAvoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies
Burgess, S., Thompson, S. G., & CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr036 · Cited by 3,952 · see citing works
Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids
Teslovich, T. M., Musunuru, K., Smith, A. V., Edmondson, A. C., Stylianou, I. M., Koseki, M., Pirruccello, J. P., Ripatti, S., Chasman, D. I., Willer, C. J., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09270 · Cited by 3,487 · see citing works
Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption
Hartwig, F. P., Davey Smith, G., & Bowden, J. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx102 · Cited by 3,485 · see citing works
Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., Friday, G., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., Haase, N., Ho, M., Howard, V., Kissela, B., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.179918 · Cited by 3,277 · see citing works
eQTLGen, Wray, N. R., 23andMe, the Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Ripke, S., Mattheisen, M., Trzaskowski, M., Byrne, E. M., Abdellaoui, A., Adams, M. J., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3 · Cited by 3,005 · see citing works
Willer (2013) · doi:10.1038/ng.2797 · Cited by 2,983 · see citing works
A comprehensive 1000 Genomes–based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease
the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3396 · Cited by 2,447 · see citing works
Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well‐Being Contributes to Health and Longevity
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x · Cited by 2,260 · see citing works
EPIC- InterAct Consortium, Burgess, S., Scott, R. A., Timpson, N. J., Davey Smith, G., & Thompson, S. G. (2015) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0011-z · Cited by 1,803 · see citing works
Self-citationNew genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution
The ADIPOGen Consortium, Shungin, D., The CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, The CKDGen Consortium, The GEFOS Consortium, The GENIE Consortium, The, G. L. G. C., The, I. C. B. P., The International Endogene Consortium, Study, T. L. C., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14132 · Cited by 1,580 · see citing works
Bowden, J., Fabiola Del Greco, M., Minelli, C., Smith, G. D., Sheehan, N. A., & Thompson, J. R. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw220 · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Influence of Weight Reduction on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Neter, J. E., Stam, B. E., Kok, F. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000094221.86888.ae · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Tilling, K., & Davey Smith, G. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw314 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Study, L. C., Okbay, A., Baselmans, B. M. L., De Neve, J.-E., Turley, P., Nivard, M. G., Fontana, M. A., Meddens, S. F. W., Linnér, R. K., Rietveld, C. A., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3552 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive health: connecting well–being with biology
Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Dienberg Love, G. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1521 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
If, Why, and When Subjective Well‐Being Influences Health, and Future Needed Research
Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J. F., & Delgadillo‐Chase, D. (2017) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12090 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
A comprehensive 1000 Genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease
Nikpay, M., Goel, A., Won, H., Hall, L. M., Willenborg, C., Kanoni, S., Saleheen, D., Kyriakou, T., Nelson, C. P., Hopewell, J. C., et al. (2015) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Positive Affect and Psychobiological Processes Relevant to Health
Steptoe, A., Dockray, S., & Wardle, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00599.x · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Doll, H., Petersen, S., & Stewart-Brown, S. L. (2000) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2000.17 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: detection, prevalence, and prevention
Ioannidis, J. P. A., Munafò, M. R., Fusar-Poli, P., Nosek, B. A., & David, S. P. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.010 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Self-citationClarke, T.-K., Adams, M. J., Davies, G., Howard, D. M., Hall, L. S., Padmanabhan, S., Murray, A. D., Smith, B. H., Campbell, A., Hayward, C., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.153 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Depression and body mass index, a u-shaped association
de Wit, L. M., van Straten, A., van Herten, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-14 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Wain, L. V., Shrine, N. R. G., Miller, S., Jackson, V. E., Ntalla, I., Artigas, M. S., Billington, C. K., Kheirallah, A. K., Allen, R. J., Cook, J. P., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00283-0 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors
Wade, T. D., Bulik, C. M., Neale, M., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.469 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Height, body mass index, and socioeconomic status: mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank
Tyrrell, J., Jones, S. E., Beaumont, R. N., Astley, C. M., Lovell, R., Yaghootkar, H., Tuke, M. A., Ruth, K. S., Freathy, R. M., Hirschhorn, J. N., et al. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i582 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Apparent latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis
Haworth, S., Mitchell, R., Corbin, L., Wade, K. H., Dudding, T., Budu-Aggrey, A., Carslake, D., Hemani, G., Paternoster, L., Smith, G. D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08219-1 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, J., & ROBERTS, R. E. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016767 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank
Davies, N. M., Dickson, M., Davey Smith, G., van den Berg, G. J., & Windmeijer, F. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0279-y · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationNew loci for body fat percentage reveal link between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk
Lu, Y., Day, F. R., Gustafsson, S., Buchkovich, M. L., Na, J., Bataille, V. A., Cousminer, D. L., Dastani, Z., Drong, A., Esko, T., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10495 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Positive affect and psychobiological processes
Dockray, S., & Steptoe, A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.006 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Does happiness itself directly affect mortality? The prospective UK Million Women Study
Liu, B., Floud, S., Pirie, K., Green, J., Peto, R., & Beral, V. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01087-9 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors and public health: a suitable case for treatment?
Macleod, J., & Smith, G. D. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.8.565 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Software Application Profile: PHESANT: a tool for performing automated phenome scans in UK Biobank
Millard, L. A. C., Davies, N. M., Gaunt, T. R., Smith, G. D., & Tilling, K. M. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx204 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationHolmes, M. V., Lange, L. A., Palmer, T., Lanktree, M. B., North, K. E., Almoguera, B., Buxbaum, S., Chandrupatla, H. R., Elbers, C. C., Guo, Y., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.014 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Instrumental Variable Analysis with a Nonlinear Exposure–Outcome Relationship
Burgess, S., Davies, N. M., & Thompson, S. G. (2014) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000161 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreasing Heritability of BMI and Stronger Associations With the FTO Gene Over Childhood
Haworth, C. M. A., Carnell, S., Meaburn, E. L., Davis, O. S. P., Plomin, R. J., & Wardle, J. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.434 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationWain, L. V., Vaez, A., Jansen, R., Joehanes, R., van der Most, P. J., Erzurumluoglu, A. M., O’Reilly, P. F., Cabrera, C. P., Warren, H. R., Rose, L. M., et al. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09438 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Thomas, S. L., Hyde, J., Karunaratne, A. S., Kausman, R., & Komesaroff, P. A. (2008) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-34 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Mental Precursors of Myocardial Infarction
Appels, A. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.4.465 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes
Johnston, C. A., Moreno, J. P., & Foreyt, J. P. (2014) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-014-0457-6 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cohort of birth modifies the association between FTO genotype and BMI
Rosenquist, J. N., Lehrer, S., O’Malley, A. J., Zaslavsky, A. M., Smoller, J. W., & Christakis, N. A. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1411893111 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Taylor, A. E., Richmond, R. C., Palviainen, T., Loukola, A., Wootton, R. E., Kaprio, J. A., Relton, C. L., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy434 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: discriminating depressive symptoms and episodes
Kennedy, S. H., Kaplan, A. S., Garfinkel, P. E., Rockert, W., Toner, B. B., & Abbey, S. E. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90030-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Marx, P., Antal, P., Bolgár, B., Bagdy, G., Deakin, J. F. W., & Juhász, G. (2017) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005487 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Body mass index and psychiatric disorders: a Mendelian randomization study
Hartwig, F. P., Bowden, J., de Mola, C. L., Tovo‐Rodrigues, L., Smith, G. D., & Horta, B. L. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32730 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Silverwood, R. J., Holmes, M. V., Dale, C. E., Lawlor, D. A., Whittaker, J. C., Smith, G. D., Leon, D. A., Palmer, T., Keating, B. J., Zuccolo, L., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu187 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Causal associations between body mass index and mental health: a Mendelian randomisation study
van den Broek, N., Treur, J. L., Larsen, J. K., Verhagen, M., Verweij, K. J. H., & Vink, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-210000 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A cross-cultural study of adolescents--BMI, body image and psychological well-being.
Sujoldžić, A., & Lucia, A. D. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Haworth, C. M. A., Carter, K., Eley, T. C., & Plomin, R. J. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12376 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationCholesterol and psychological well-being
Wardle, J. (1995) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)00169-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Haworth, C. M. A., Nelson, S. K., Layous, K., Carter, K., Bao, K. J., Lyubomirsky, S., & Plomin, R. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155538 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationProblems in interpreting and using GWAS of conditional phenotypes illustrated by 'alcohol GWAS'
Holmes, M. V., & Smith, G. D. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0037-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Happiness, social networks, and health
Steptoe, A., & Roux, A. V. D. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a2781 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clarke, T., & McIntosh, A. M. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/290965 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [63]Haworth S Mitchell R Corbin L Common genetic variants and health outcomes appear geographically structured in the UK Biobank sample: Old concerns returning and their implications. bioRxiv 2018; 294876 10.1101/294876. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Skrivankova, V. W., Richmond, R. C., Woolf, B. A. R., Davies, N. M., Swanson, S. A., VanderWeele, T. J., Timpson, N. J., Higgins, J. P. T., Dimou, N., Langenberg, C., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n2233 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
Self-citationFirth, J., Solmi, M., Wootton, R. E., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F. B., Hoare, E., Gilbody, S., Torous, J., Teasdale, S. B., Jackson, S. E., et al. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20773 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Self-citationFood and mood: How do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing?
Firth, J., Gangwisch, J. E., Borsini, A., Wootton, R. E., & Mayer, E. A. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2382 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing genetics for social science
Harden, K. P., & Koellinger, P. D. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0862-5 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Jokela, M., & Laakasuo, M. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.034 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wootton, R. E., Lawn, R. B., Millard, L. A. C., Davies, N. M., Taylor, A. E., Munafò, M. R., Timpson, N. J., Davis, O. S. P., Davey Smith, G., & Haworth, C. M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wootton, Robyn E
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-09-25
- Volume
- 362
- Pages
- k3788
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- PMC
- PMC6155050
- OpenAlex
- W2892535428
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (102215/2/13/2), 102215, 105612/Z/14/Z, 202802/Z/16/Z, 202802)
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust (BRC-1215-20011)
- Cancer Research UK (C18281/, BRC-1215-20011, C18281 / A19169, A19169)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (1215-20011, C18281/A19169, MC_UU_12013/1, BRC-1215-20011)
- Department of Health and Social Care (BRC-1215-20011)
- British Academy
- University of Bristol (MC_UU_12013/1, C18281/A19169, MC_UU_12013/3, MC_UU_12013/9, MC_UU_12013/8, 102215/2/13/2, BRC‐1215‐20011, MC_UU_12013, 105612/Z/14/Z, MC_UU_12013/6)
- Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol (105612/Z/14/Z)
- Medical Research Council (102215, MC_UU_12013, MC UU 12013/8, 202802/Z/16/Z, MC_UU_12013/1, MC_UU_12013/6, MCUU12013/1, MC_PC_17228, 102215/2/13/2, MC_UU_12013/3, MC_UU_00011/7, MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_12013/6, MC_UU_12013/9)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N000757/1, 102215/2/13/2)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- subjective well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, cardiometabolic health, body mass index, obesity, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cholesterol, blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio, causal effects
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Disease, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Systole, Body Mass Index, Adiposity, Waist Circumference, Genome-Wide Association Study, Mendelian Randomization Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
