Cited by 1,170Gut microbiota and healthProbiotics and Fermented FoodsGABA and Rice Research

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GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota

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Strandwitz, Philip, Kim, Ki Hyun, Terekhova, Darya, Liu, Joanne K., Sharma, Anukriti, Levering, Jennifer, McDonald, Daniel, Dietrich, David, Ramadhar, Timothy R., Lekbua, Asama, Mroue, Nader, Liston, Conor, Stewart, Eric J., Dubin, Marc J., Zengler, Karsten, Knight, Rob, Gilbert, Jack A., Clardy, Jon, Lewis, Kim·2018·Nature Microbiology

DOI 10.1038/s41564-018-0307-3PMC PMC6384127

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Abstract

The gut microbiota affects many important host functions, including the immune response and the nervous system1. However, while substantial progress has been made in growing diverse microorganisms of the microbiota2, 23–65% of species residing in the human gut remain uncultured3,4, which is an obstacle for understanding their biological roles. A likely reason for this unculturability is the absence in artificial media of key growth factors that are provided by neighbouring bacteria in situ5,6. In the present study, we used co-culture to isolate KLE1738, which required the presence of Bacteroides fragilis to grow. Bioassay-driven purification of B. fragilis supernatant led to the isolation of the growth factor, which, surprisingly, is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA was the only tested nutrient that supported the growth of KLE1738, and a genome analysis supported a GABA-dependent metabolism mechanism. Using growth of KLE1738 as an indicator, we isolated a variety of GABA-producing bacteria, and found that Bacteroides ssp. produced large quantities of GABA. Genome-based metabolic modelling of the human gut microbiota revealed multiple genera with the predicted capability to produce or consume GABA. A transcriptome analysis of human stool samples from healthy individuals showed that GABA-producing pathways are actively expressed by Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Escherichia species. By coupling 16S ribosmal RNA sequencing with functional magentic resonance imaging in patients with major depressive disorder, a disease associated with an altered GABA-mediated response, we found that the relative abundance levels of faecal Bacteroides are negatively correlated with brain signatures associated with depression. A bacterial strain that requires the neurotransmitter GABA for growth was identified and used to isolate GABA-producing bacteria, including Bacteroides spp., from human stool samples; the relative abundance of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with an altered GABA-mediated response in a depression patient cohort.

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“Abbreviations OTUs Operational Taxonomic Units WHO World Health Organization ASV Amplicon Sequence Variance T2D Type 2 Diabetes SVs Sequence Variants PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews AGP American Gut Project FGAS Frändin–Grimby Activity Scale PAL Physical Activity Level NGS Next-generation seque…”
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Result
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BackgroundSelf-citation
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“In addition, GABA has a role in cross-feeding, with transcription of GABA-producing pathways reported in Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Escherichia species in stool samples and GABA being identified as the sole growth factor produced by Bacteroides fragilis required to support growth of a previously only coculturab…”
Background
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“, norepinephrine), which also contributes to sympathetic responsiveness [56,57].”
Background
Transcriptomics reveal different metabolic strategies for acid resistance and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in select Levilactobacillus brevis strains
Banerjee, S., Poore, M., Gerdes, S., Nedveck, D. A., Lauridsen, L., Kristensen, H. T., Jensen, H. M., Byrd, P. M., Ouwehand, A. C., Patterson, E., et al. (2021) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-021-01658-4 · Cited by 44
“This may in help increase commensal organisms in the immature infant microbiota, as GABA was recently shown to be an essential growth factor for non-culturable human microbes [53].”
Background
13C-Stable isotope resolved metabolomics uncovers dynamic biochemical landscape of gut microbiome-host organ communications in mice
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“GABA is a neurotransmitter that can be synthesized in both neurons and gut microbes [26].”
Background
Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: advances in metabolite quantification and their implications for mental health
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“Furthermore, L. rhamnosus has been shown to suppress gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor overexpression in depressive disorder patients by activating GABA signaling pathways through vagal afferents (Bravo et al. 2011; Strandwitz et al. 2019; Tette, Kwofie, and Wilson 2022; Yunes et al. 2016).”
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“…and Bacteroides are three main bacterial species that actively express GABA-producing neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and corticotropin releasing factor, in human stool samples [70].”
GABAergic System in Stress: Implications of GABAergic Neuron Subpopulations and the Gut-Vagus-Brain Pathway
Hou, X., Rong, C., Wang, F., Liu, X., Sun, Y., & Zhang, H. (2020) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2020/8858415 · Cited by 42
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Parabacteroides as a promising target for disease intervention: current stage and pending issues
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“Intriguingly, Parabacteroides has been identi ﬁ ed as a producerof GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating brain states and cognitive functions, including learning and memory, sensory processing, circadian rhythms, and alertness 68 .”
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The Gut Microbiome and Substance Use Disorder
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General anesthesia bullies the gut: a toxic relationship with dysbiosis and cognitive dysfunction
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“For instance, lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium can produce GABA through their glutamic acid decarboxylase system and stimulate neuronal signaling in humans affecting our behavior (Mancini et al. 2019; Strandwitz et al. 2019).”
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The Role of Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Functional Dyspepsia: A Review
Zhou, L., Zeng, Y., Zhang, H., & Ma, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.910568 · Cited by 40
Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease
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Metabolome-associated psychological comorbidities improvement in irritable bowel syndrome patients receiving a probiotic
Martin, F., Cominetti, O., Berger, B. W., Combremont, S., Marquis, J., Xie, G., Jia, W. P., Pinto-Sánchez, M. I., Berčík, P., & Bergonzelli, G. E. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2347715 · Cited by 50
Influence of human gut microbiome on the healthy and the neurodegenerative aging
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Children
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The microbiota–gut–brain axis in mental and neurodegenerative disorders: opportunities for prevention and intervention
Yassin, L. K., Skrabulyte-Barbulescu, J., Alshamsi, S. H., Saeed, S., Alkuwaiti, S. H., Almazrouei, S., Alnuaimi, A., BaniYas, S., Aldhaheri, D., Alderei, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1667448 · Cited by 48
Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A focus on the microbiota–gut–brain axis
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Co-decoction of Lilii bulbus and Radix Rehmannia Recens and its key bioactive ingredient verbascoside inhibit neuroinflammation and intestinal permeability associated with chronic stress-induced depression via the gut microbiota-brain axis
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Probiotics and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegeneration: Beneficial effects and mechanistic insights
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Gut microbial GABA imbalance emerges as a metabolic signature in mild autism spectrum disorder linked to overrepresented Escherichia
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“We also investigated potential relationships between other known GABA producers (e.g., Bacteroides , Parabacteroides , Biﬁdo-bacterium , and Lactobacillus ) 34,58 and GABA metabolism in our ASD cohort.”
Untargeted Stable Isotope Probing of the Gut Microbiota Metabolome Using 13C-Labeled Dietary Fibers
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The Putative Antidepressant Mechanisms of Probiotic Bacteria: Relevant Genes and Proteins
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“This is supported by a recent discovery showing that there are bacteria that consume GABA and use it as their sole source of energy [111].”
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Amino Acid-Derived Bacterial Metabolites in the Colorectal Luminal Fluid: Effects on Microbial Communication, Metabolism, Physiology, and Growth
Blachier, F. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11051317 · Cited by 38
Microbiota–gut–brain axis: Natural antidepressants molecular mechanism
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An intravital window to image the colon in real time
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The potential role of interventions impacting on gut-microbiota in epilepsy
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Mom’s diet matters: Maternal prebiotic intake in mice reduces anxiety and alters brain gene expression and the fecal microbiome in offspring
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Determination and Application of Nineteen Monoamines in the Gut Microbiota Targeting Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Glutamic Acid Metabolic Pathways
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Life History Recorded in the Vagino-Cervical Microbiome Along with Multi-Omes
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Gut and Brain: Investigating Physiological and Pathological Interactions Between Microbiota and Brain to Gain New Therapeutic Avenues for Brain Diseases
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Pediococcus acidilactici CCFM6432 mitigates chronic stress-induced anxiety and gut microbial abnormalities
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Gut microbiota: Linking nutrition and perinatal depression
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Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome and Serum Metabolome in Patients with Functional Constipation
Wang, J., Wang, L., Yu, Q., Tang, N., Mei, C., Zhang, H., Wang, G., Lu, J., & Chen, W. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071779 · Cited by 38
“As the core bacterium in the interaction network of FC, Bacteroides is positively correlated with a high-protein/low-fiber diet [20] and produces the inhibitory neurotransmitter γaminobutyric acid (GABA) [21], which may affect gastrointestinal motility depending on different GABA receptors [22].”
Background
The Characteristics, Mechanisms and Therapeutics: Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity
Zhuang, Z., Zhou, P., Wang, J., Lu, X., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s432344 · Cited by 37
“76,77 Treatment of obese mice with GABA-producing Lactobacillus altered the expression of GABA mRNA in the brain and effectively improved the severe metabolic syndrome associated with obesity.”
Background
Life at the borderlands: microbiomes of interfaces critical to One Health
Law, S. R., Mathes, F., Paten, A. M., Alexandre, P. A., Regmi, R., Reid, C. J., Safarchi, A., Shaktivesh, S., Wang, Y., Wilson, A., et al. (2024) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuae008 · Cited by 39
“Intestinal bacteria such as Bacteroides , Parabacteroides , Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , and Esc heric hia spp. pr oduce gamma-aminobutyric acid, the primary inhibitory neur otr ansmitter (Bar-rett et al. 2012 , Strandwitz et al. 2019 ).”
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Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases
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“References for associations highlighted in the figure that are not mentioned in detail in the main text: autism [21, 33], Parkinson’s [64, 65], depression [29], multiple sclerosis [66], drug metabolism [54, 55], nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [67, 68], asthma [69], allergy [70, 71], heart disease [51], Celiac diseas…”
Background
A Distinct Microbiome Signature in Posttreatment Lyme Disease Patients
Morrissette, M., Pitt, N., González, A., Strandwitz, P., Caboni, M., Rebman, A. W., Knight, R. D., Donofrio, A. E., Aucott, J. N., Soloski, M. J., et al. (2020) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02310-20 · Cited by 38
“Given this, together with the known importance of Bacteroides as a common gut symbiont (46, 47) and the correlation between decreased Bacteroides in diseases with symptoms overlapping those of PTLDS, such as depression (48), we used Bacteroides as our secondary grouping metric.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Lactococcus lactis NCDO2118 exerts visceral antinociceptive properties in rat via GABA production in the gastro-intestinal tract
Laroute, V., Beaufrand, C., Gomes, P., Nouaille, S., Tondereau, V., Daveran‐Mingot, M., Théodorou, V., Eutamène, H., Mercier‐Bonin, M., & Cocaign‐Bousquet, M. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.77100 · Cited by 37
Computational design of CRISPR guide RNAs to enable strain-specific control of microbial consortia
Rottinghaus, A. G., Vo, S., & Moon, T. S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2213154120 · Cited by 36
“Numerous microbes have been extracted from natural consortia with highly specialized and essential functions (4, 5).”
Background
Plant-derived bioactive components regulate gut microbiota to prevent depression and depressive-related neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on neurotransmitters
Song, Z., Cheng, L., Liu, Y., Zhan, S., Wu, Z., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.10.019 · Cited by 37
Banxia Xiexin decoction alleviates AS co-depression disease by regulating the gut microbiome-lipid metabolic axis
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Accelerometer-based physical activity is associated with the gut microbiota in 8416 individuals in SCAPIS
Baldanzi, G., Sayols-Baixeras, S., Ekblom‐Bak, E., Ekblom, Ö. B., Dekkers, K. F., Hammar, U., Nguyen, D. T., Ahmad, S., Ericson, U., Arvidsson, D., et al. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104989 · Cited by 37
“63 In line with those ﬁ ndings, we observed a negative association between MPA and Bi ﬁ dobacterium dentium , another GABA-producing bacterium.”
Background
Intestinal endogenous metabolites affect neuroinflammation in 5×FAD mice by mediating “gut-brain” axis and the intervention with Chinese Medicine
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Gut microbiome in neuroendocrine and neuroimmune interactions: The case of genistein
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Gut-Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders-How Microbiomes Affect our Mental Health
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Antidepressant-like activity, active components and related mechanism of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni extracts
Liu, J., Tian, Y., Yang, S., Zhong, X., He, W., Xu, M., Fang, J., Deng, M., Xu, N., Zeng, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.967670 · Cited by 34
“Previous studies indicated that the intestinal flora belonging to Bacteroides genera could produce GABA in the gut, which has an effect on the synapses of the nervous in the brain by the microbiota-intestinal-brain axis (Strandwitz et al., 2019; Izuno et al., 2021; Otaru et al., 2021).”
Self-citation

Authors: Strandwitz, P., Kim, K. H., Terekhova, D., Liu, J. K., Sharma, A., Levering, J., McDonald, D., Dietrich, D., Ramadhar, T. R., Lekbua, A., Mroue, N., Liston, C., Stewart, E. J., Dubin, M. J., Zengler, K., Knight, R., Gilbert, J. A., Clardy, J., & Lewis, K.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
Harvard University (US)
Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
Argonne National Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author: Strandwitz, Philip
Lewis, Kim
ORCID: Strandwitz, Philip
Kim, Ki Hyun
Liu, Joanne K.
Sharma, Anukriti
Levering, Jennifer
McDonald, Daniel
Dietrich, David
Ramadhar, Timothy R.
Lekbua, Asama
Liston, Conor
Dubin, Marc J.
Zengler, Karsten
Knight, Rob
Gilbert, Jack A.
Clardy, Jon
Lewis, Kim
Venue: Nature Microbiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-12-10
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 396-403
ISSN: 2058-5276 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0307-3
PMC: PMC6384127
OpenAlex: W2902161130
Semantic Scholar: e557d4ef36b36019dcd3ba0973119440d4426bca
Cited by: 1,170
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 153 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 225 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 141 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 46
FWCI: 26.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG005824)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F32GM108415)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI122286)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › GABA and Rice Research
Keywords: GABA, gut microbiota, Bacteroides, GABA-producing bacteria, bacterial growth factors, co-culture, Bacteroides fragilis, Parabacteroides, Escherichia, major depressive disorder, functional MRI, neurotransmitter metabolism, uncultured bacteria
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Whole Genome Sequencing, Adult, Aged, Bacteria, Bacteroides, Brain, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Feces, Female, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Gene Expression Profiling, Gastrointestinal Tract, Young Adult

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