Cited by 1,170Gut microbiota and healthProbiotics and Fermented FoodsGABA and Rice Research

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GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota

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Strandwitz, Philip, Kim, Ki Hyun, Terekhova, Darya, Liu, Joanne K., Sharma, Anukriti, Levering, Jennifer, McDonald, Daniel, Dietrich, David, Ramadhar, Timothy R., Lekbua, Asama, Mroue, Nader, Liston, Conor, Stewart, Eric J., Dubin, Marc J., Zengler, Karsten, Knight, Rob, Gilbert, Jack A., Clardy, Jon, Lewis, Kim·2018·Nature Microbiology

DOI 10.1038/s41564-018-0307-3PMC PMC6384127

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Abstract

The gut microbiota affects many important host functions, including the immune response and the nervous system1. However, while substantial progress has been made in growing diverse microorganisms of the microbiota2, 23–65% of species residing in the human gut remain uncultured3,4, which is an obstacle for understanding their biological roles. A likely reason for this unculturability is the absence in artificial media of key growth factors that are provided by neighbouring bacteria in situ5,6. In the present study, we used co-culture to isolate KLE1738, which required the presence of Bacteroides fragilis to grow. Bioassay-driven purification of B. fragilis supernatant led to the isolation of the growth factor, which, surprisingly, is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA was the only tested nutrient that supported the growth of KLE1738, and a genome analysis supported a GABA-dependent metabolism mechanism. Using growth of KLE1738 as an indicator, we isolated a variety of GABA-producing bacteria, and found that Bacteroides ssp. produced large quantities of GABA. Genome-based metabolic modelling of the human gut microbiota revealed multiple genera with the predicted capability to produce or consume GABA. A transcriptome analysis of human stool samples from healthy individuals showed that GABA-producing pathways are actively expressed by Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Escherichia species. By coupling 16S ribosmal RNA sequencing with functional magentic resonance imaging in patients with major depressive disorder, a disease associated with an altered GABA-mediated response, we found that the relative abundance levels of faecal Bacteroides are negatively correlated with brain signatures associated with depression. A bacterial strain that requires the neurotransmitter GABA for growth was identified and used to isolate GABA-producing bacteria, including Bacteroides spp., from human stool samples; the relative abundance of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with an altered GABA-mediated response in a depression patient cohort.

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“Strandwitz et al. 202”
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“In turn, GABA in the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (Allan and Johnston, 1983; McCormick, 1989) and plays a key role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system (Bussi et al., 2023; Duman et al., 2019; Guyon, 2014; Liu et al., 2023b), impacting processes like anxiety regulation an…”
Influential
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“Other authors found a significant impact of Bacteroides relative abundance on DMN and pre-frontal cortex FC (areas described to have decreased connectivity in depression) in patients with major depressive disorder, likely due to GABA metabolism[86].”
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“Alterations in intestinal microbial composition have been observed in various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including ASD, depression, AD, and PD (Scheperjans et al. 2015; Vogt et al. 2017; Sharon et al. 2019; Strandwitz et al. 2019).”
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“Furthermore, Lactobacillus [129], Bifidobacterium [130], and Bacteroides spp. [68] can secrete GABA, suggesting that the intestinal microbiota may facilitate neuroregulatory effects through the production of both GABA and 5-HT. Notably, studies have demonstrated that long-term administration of…”
Electroacupuncture as adjunctive therapy for insomnia via targeting the GABAergic microbiota-gut-brain axis: a mini review
Wang, X., Yan, L., Zhang, X., Liu, X., & Yang, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1613408 · Cited by 10
“…of GABA metabolism by gut microbiota is achieved through the synthesis of GABA by Lactobacillus and Bi ﬁ dobacterium via glutamate decarboxylase (14, 44) and GABA utilization by Bacteroides and Parabacteroides as a nitrogen source, creating bidirectional host-microbe metabolic crosstalk (45).”
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“Therefore, the gut microbiota may play an important role in positively modulating the stress response, and visceral GI nociception by acting on the host ’ s GABAergic signalling (Mazzoli and Pessione, 2016; Molon et al., 2016; Mayer et al., 2014; Strandwitz et al., 2019).”
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“…gnavus can catalyse the conversion of tryptophan to tryptamine 64 , TDCs in Lactobacillus and Enterococcus have important roles in dopamine synthesis 65–67 , and glutamic acid decarboxylases of Bacteroides , Parabacteroides , and Escherichia show clear transcriptional activity in human stools 68 .”
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“Current research has found that Bacteroides can produce γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a variety of short-chain fatty acids (Shin et al., 2024; Strandwitz et al., 2019).”
Background
Microbiome-Based Therapeutics for Insomnia
Li, C., Chen, S., Wang, Y., & Su, Q. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252313208 · Cited by 11
“The transcriptome analysis of stool samples from healthy individuals revealed that GABA-producing pathways are actively expressed in Bacteroides , Parabacteroides , and Escherichia species [35].”
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“, gut microorganisms are capable of synthesizing neurotransmitters themselves and can induce production of neurotransmitters by their animal hosts) [24] pathways to affect individual personalities.”
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Background
Dysregulation of Gut Microbiota‐Derived Neuromodulatory Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Immunodeficiency Virus ‐Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: An Integrative Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis
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“14 Furthermore, the abnormal expression of Bacteroides and GABA in the HAND group may have contributed to the development of HAND.”
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Self-citation
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“10,11 These metabolites regulate gut immunity, 12 metabolism, 13 and even brain function, 14,15 forming the foundation of the brain-gut-microbiota axis — a bidirectional communication network between the brain and gut.”
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“…mice 55 Unpredictable chronic stress in mice 56 [57–60] Neuronal signaling Dextran sodium sulfate colitis in mice 61 BALB/c mice 62 Neonatal maternal separation in mice 63 [64,65] Immune and neuroimmune pathways Rats humanized with depression patients’ microbiota 66 Chronic mild stress in mice 67”
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“Beyond 5-HT, specific bacterial strains produce other neurotransmitters: Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus generate GABA, the brain’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter (Duranti et al., 2020; Strandwitz et al., 2019); certain Clostridium species produce dopamine precursors.”
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“34,35 Furthermore, a reduction in GABA production 32 was seen in the majority of ﬁ rmicutes bacteria, which were GABA producers, in our study.”
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“Therefore, future development of GABA biosensors applied towards microbial communities will be insightful.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of bovine milk fat-based infant formulae on microbiota, metabolites and stool parameters in healthy term infants in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial
Looijesteijn, E., Brouwer, R. W. W., Schoemaker, R., Ulfman, L. H., Ham, S. L., Jeurink, P. V., Karaglani, E., van IJcken, W. F. J., & Μanios, Y. (2022) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-022-00575-y · Cited by 7
“GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter that can be produced by several bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides and Escherichia species [36, 37], and can also be consumed by several gut bacteria [36].”
Background
Prophylactic Effect of Bovine Colostrum on Intestinal Microbiota and Behavior in Wild-Type and Zonulin Transgenic Mice
Asbjornsdottir, B., Miranda-Ribera, A., Fiorentino, M. R., Konno, T., Çetinbaş, M., Lan, J., Sadreyev, R. I., Gudmundsson, L. S., Gottfreðsson, M., Lauth, B., et al. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11010091 · Cited by 7

Authors: Strandwitz, P., Kim, K. H., Terekhova, D., Liu, J. K., Sharma, A., Levering, J., McDonald, D., Dietrich, D., Ramadhar, T. R., Lekbua, A., Mroue, N., Liston, C., Stewart, E. J., Dubin, M. J., Zengler, K., Knight, R., Gilbert, J. A., Clardy, J., & Lewis, K.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
Harvard University (US)
Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
Argonne National Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author: Strandwitz, Philip
Lewis, Kim
ORCID: Strandwitz, Philip
Kim, Ki Hyun
Liu, Joanne K.
Sharma, Anukriti
Levering, Jennifer
McDonald, Daniel
Dietrich, David
Ramadhar, Timothy R.
Lekbua, Asama
Liston, Conor
Dubin, Marc J.
Zengler, Karsten
Knight, Rob
Gilbert, Jack A.
Clardy, Jon
Lewis, Kim
Venue: Nature Microbiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-12-10
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 396-403
ISSN: 2058-5276 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0307-3
PMC: PMC6384127
OpenAlex: W2902161130
Semantic Scholar: e557d4ef36b36019dcd3ba0973119440d4426bca
Cited by: 1,170
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 153 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 225 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 141 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 46
FWCI: 26.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG005824)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F32GM108415)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI122286)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › GABA and Rice Research
Keywords: GABA, gut microbiota, Bacteroides, GABA-producing bacteria, bacterial growth factors, co-culture, Bacteroides fragilis, Parabacteroides, Escherichia, major depressive disorder, functional MRI, neurotransmitter metabolism, uncultured bacteria
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Whole Genome Sequencing, Adult, Aged, Bacteria, Bacteroides, Brain, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Feces, Female, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Gene Expression Profiling, Gastrointestinal Tract, Young Adult

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