Cited by 1,170Gut microbiota and healthProbiotics and Fermented FoodsGABA and Rice Research

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GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota

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Strandwitz, Philip, Kim, Ki Hyun, Terekhova, Darya, Liu, Joanne K., Sharma, Anukriti, Levering, Jennifer, McDonald, Daniel, Dietrich, David, Ramadhar, Timothy R., Lekbua, Asama, Mroue, Nader, Liston, Conor, Stewart, Eric J., Dubin, Marc J., Zengler, Karsten, Knight, Rob, Gilbert, Jack A., Clardy, Jon, Lewis, Kim·2018·Nature Microbiology

DOI 10.1038/s41564-018-0307-3PMC PMC6384127

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Abstract

The gut microbiota affects many important host functions, including the immune response and the nervous system1. However, while substantial progress has been made in growing diverse microorganisms of the microbiota2, 23–65% of species residing in the human gut remain uncultured3,4, which is an obstacle for understanding their biological roles. A likely reason for this unculturability is the absence in artificial media of key growth factors that are provided by neighbouring bacteria in situ5,6. In the present study, we used co-culture to isolate KLE1738, which required the presence of Bacteroides fragilis to grow. Bioassay-driven purification of B. fragilis supernatant led to the isolation of the growth factor, which, surprisingly, is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA was the only tested nutrient that supported the growth of KLE1738, and a genome analysis supported a GABA-dependent metabolism mechanism. Using growth of KLE1738 as an indicator, we isolated a variety of GABA-producing bacteria, and found that Bacteroides ssp. produced large quantities of GABA. Genome-based metabolic modelling of the human gut microbiota revealed multiple genera with the predicted capability to produce or consume GABA. A transcriptome analysis of human stool samples from healthy individuals showed that GABA-producing pathways are actively expressed by Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Escherichia species. By coupling 16S ribosmal RNA sequencing with functional magentic resonance imaging in patients with major depressive disorder, a disease associated with an altered GABA-mediated response, we found that the relative abundance levels of faecal Bacteroides are negatively correlated with brain signatures associated with depression. A bacterial strain that requires the neurotransmitter GABA for growth was identified and used to isolate GABA-producing bacteria, including Bacteroides spp., from human stool samples; the relative abundance of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with an altered GABA-mediated response in a depression patient cohort.

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“The gut microbiota, by stimulating neurotransmitters such as γ -aminobutyric acid GABA [107], serotonin [108], and dopamine [109], is capable of regulating CNS functions.”
Microbiome and metabolome association network analysis identifies Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 as a stronger keystone genus candidate than Bifidobacterium in the gut of common marmosets
Hernandez, J. B., Hayer, S. S., Alvarez, S., Fischer, A., Hassenstab, H. R., Cooper, K., Alsafwani, Z. W., Benson, A. K., Haute, M. J. S. V., Izard, J., et al. (2025) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00214-25 · Cited by 14
“Of those, its associations with neuroactive metabolites glutamate and GABA are interesting because both can be produced/consumed by gut bacteria (80).”
Algorithmic Programming of Sequential Logic and Genetic Circuits for Recording Biochemical Concentration in a Probiotic Bacterium
Lebovich, M., Zeng, M., & Andrews, L. B. (2023) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.3c00232 · Cited by 15
Mouse intestinal microbiome modulation by oral administration of a GABA-producing Bifidobacterium adolescentis strain
Tamés-Caunedo, H., Sabater, C., Royo, F., Margollés, A., Falcón‐Pérez, J. M., Ruas‐Madiedo, P., & Ruíz, L. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02580-23 · Cited by 14
“On the one hand, it could serve to sustain cross-feeding mechanisms among gut microbial strains (52); it could serve as a precursor for microbial degradation and production of other metabolites such as propionate (53); it could activate GABAergic receptors at intestinal level resulting in local and…”
Background
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial: Efficacy of Opuntia ficus-indica Prebiotic Supplementation in Subjects with Gut Dysbiosis
Mellai, M., Allesina, M., Edoardo, B., Cascella, F., Nobile, V., Spina, A., Amone, F., Zaccaria, V., Insolia, V., Perri, A., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16050586 · Cited by 17
“The Bacteroides genus is capable of producing the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter, thus modulating the GABAergic system of the host organism [44,45].”
Unearthing the soil‐borne microbiome of land plants
Ochoa‐Hueso, R., Eldridge, D. J., Berdugo, M., Trivedi, P., Sokoya, B., Cano‐Díaz, C., Abades, S. R., Alfaro, F. D., Bamigboye, A. R., Bastida, F., et al. (2024) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.17295 · Cited by 13
“…Myxococcota, and Bacteroidota are also dominant in association with animals, where they are critical regulators of host health, indicating that these may be ubiquitous members of a consistent microbiome across biological domains and kingdoms (Song et al., 2020; Strandwitz et al., 2019).”
Background
Effects of Maternal Diet on Infant Health: A Review Based on Entero‐Mammary Pathway of Intestinal Microbiota
Sun, Q., Zhou, Q., Ge, S., Liu, L., Li, P., & Gu, Q. (2024) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202400077 · Cited by 15
The role of GABA in type 1 diabetes
Mick, G. J., & McCormick, K. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1453396 · Cited by 16
Baseline gut microbiome and metabolites are correlated with changes in alcohol consumption in participants in a randomized Zonisamide clinical trial
Dedon, L. R., Yuan, H., Chi, J., Gu, H., Arias, A. J., Covault, J., & Zhou, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92313-0 · Cited by 15
The microbial guardians: Unveiling the role of gut microbiota in shaping neurodegenerative disease
Izzeddine, N. A., Ahmad, K., Bacha, C., Jabbour, M., Najjar, M., Salhab, S., Ghadieh, H. E., Kanaan, A., Azar, S. T., Khattar, Z. A., et al. (2025) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.05.014 · Cited by 19
“Actinobacteria is represented largely by Bifidobacterium , and Akkermansia is the main genus within Verrucomicrobia (Bicknell et al., 2023).”
Influential
Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Experimental Journey So Far, with Hope of Therapy
Harding, A., Kanagasingam, S., Welbury, R. R., & Singhrao, S. K. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_13 · Cited by 14
Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) Surgery during High Liquid Sucrose Diet Leads to Gut Microbiota-Related Systematic Alterations
Zizmare, L., Boyle, C. N., Buss, S., Louis, S., Kuebler, L., Mulay, K., Krüger, R., Steinhauer, L., Mack, I., Gomez, M. R., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031126 · Cited by 14
“Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria such as Escherichia have been reported to actively express the genes necessary for producing the neurotransmitter GABA in human stool [46].”
Background
Resilience and the Gut Microbiome: Insights from Chronically Socially Stressed Wild-Type Mice
Guilherme, M. D. S., Valeri, F., Winter, J., Müller, M. B., Schwiertz, A., & Endres, K. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061077 · Cited by 13
“As GABA-producing pathways are actively expressed by Bacteroides [68], this capability might be contributing to depressive states in mice and patients or indicate a compensatory attempt of the host–microbiome holobiont, as GABA levels seem to be decreased in depressive patients’ brains [69].”
Background
Decoding the contributions of gut microbiota and cerebral metabolism in acute liver injury mice with and without cognitive dysfunction
Sun, T., Du, H., Li, Z., Xiong, J., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, W., Liang, F., He, J., Liu, X., et al. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14069 · Cited by 13
Characterization of Gut Microbiota in Prenatal Cold Stress Offspring Rats by 16S rRNA Sequencing
Zheng, J., Zhu, T., Wang, L., Wang, J., & Lian, S. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10091619 · Cited by 13
“Prenatal cold stress-induced an increase in Bacteroides and Lactobacillus in the offspring’s gut; hence, we speculated that prenatal cold stress also increased GABA levels in the offspring.”
BackgroundInfluential
How the gut microbiome shapes learning and memory: A comprehensive review
Alavian, F., & Safaeian, M. (2025) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.005 · Cited by 15
“Fortunately, these negative effects can be improved by the use of a probiotic combination that includes Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lon-gum (Strandwitz et al., 2019; Liang et al., 2017; Almutairi et al., 2024).”
Commensal human gut microbes produce species specific neuroactive compounds
Tingler, A. M., Packirisamy, C., Gutierrez, A., Horvath, A. E., Grozis, M., Haidacher, S. J., Hoch, K. M., Haag, A. M., Oezguen, N., Engevik, K. A., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114424 · Cited by 14
“GABA reduces blood pressure, limits anxiety and stress, relaxes muscles, regulates sleep, controls circadian rhythm, among other functions 45–51 .”
The effect of microbiome composition on impulsive and violent behavior: A systematic review
Langmajerová, M., Roubalová, R., Šebela, A., & Vevera, J. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114266 · Cited by 15
Metaorganismal choline metabolism shapes olfactory perception
Massey, W. J., Kay, K. E., Jaramillo, T. C., Horak, A. J., Cao, S., Osborn, L. J., Banerjee, R., Mrdjen, M., Hamoudi, M. K., Silver, D. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105299 · Cited by 13
Gut Microbiome and Circadian Interactions with Platelets Across Human Diseases, including Alzheimer’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Cancer
Anderson, G. (2023) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115680266253465230920114223 · Cited by 12
Interaction between Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) and Acetaminophen in Disease Exacerbation—Focusing on Autism and the Gut–Liver–Brain Axis
Jiang, D. Q. Y., & Guo, T. L. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12010039 · Cited by 13
“…in silico and in vitro studies [32,33] have shown that microorganisms such as Bacteriodes, Bifidobacterium, Parabacteriodes, and Escherichia spp. can produce γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that regulates neuronal cell hyperactivity associated with stress, anxiety, and fear [34].”
Background
Utility of zebrafish-based models in understanding molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity mediated by the gut–brain axis
Adedara, I. A., Mohammed, K. A., Canzian, J., Ajayi, B. O., Farombi, E. O., Emanuelli, T., Rosemberg, D. B., & Aschner, M. (2024) · Advances in neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2024.02.003 · Cited by 14
Milestone review: GABA , from chemistry, conformations, ionotropic receptors, modulators, epilepsy, flavonoids, and stress to neuro‐nutraceuticals
Johnston, G. A. R., & Beart, P. M. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16087 · Cited by 12
“There are ample GABA-producing bacteria in the human gut microbiome (Strandwitz et al., 2019).”
Background
Relationships between the gut microbiome and brain functional alterations in first-episode, drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder
Wang, D., Jiang, X., Zhu, H., Zhou, Y., Jia, L., Sun, Q., Kong, L., & Tang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.013 · Cited by 12
The role of the gut microbiome in neuroinflammation and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
Shatunova, S., Aktar, R., Peiris, M., Lee, J. Y. P., Vetter, I., & Starobova, H. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176818 · Cited by 15
Cross-talk between adipose tissue and microbiota-gut-brain-axis in brain development and neurological disorder
Thakur, P., Baraskar, K., Shrivastava, V. K., & Medhi, B. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149176 · Cited by 12
Enhancing butyrate synthesis and intestinal epithelial energy supply through mixed probiotic intervention in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis
Zhang, H., Sun, J., Xie, A., Yang, H., Li, Y., Mei, Y., Li, J., Xiao, L., Liu, Y., & Liang, Y. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105727 · Cited by 12
Enhancing High-Level Food-Grade Expression of Glutamate Decarboxylase and Its Application in the Production of γ-Aminobutyric Acid
Zhang, K., Lv, H., Yu, X., Zhu, X., Chen, S., & Wu, J. (2024) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2410.10013 · Cited by 12
Bifidobacterium bifidum CCFM1163 alleviates cathartic colon by activating the BDNF-TrkB-PLC/IP 3 pathway to reconstruct the intestinal nerve and barrier
Zhu, S., Yu, Q., Xue, Y., Li, J., Huang, Y. C., Liu, W., Wang, G., Wang, L., Zhai, Q., Zhao, J., et al. (2025) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo05835f · Cited by 14
Altered cognitive function in obese patients: relationship to gut flora
Deng, M., Tang, F., & Zhu, Z. (2025) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-024-05201-y · Cited by 14
Pharmaco-psychiatry and gut microbiome: a systematic review of effects of psychotropic drugs for bipolar disorder
Bui, T. A., O’Croinin, B. R., Dennett, L., Winship, I. R., & Greenshaw, A. J. (2025) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.001568 · Cited by 14
“Some members of Porphyromonadaceae have been linked to neuroinflammation [182, 183], while Bacteroides and Parabacteroides are known to express pathways involved in GABA synthesis – an inhibitory neurotransmitter critical in stress regulation [184].”
Neuropathy in COVID-19 associated with dysbiosis-related inflammation
Aktaş, B., & Aslım, B. (2021) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY · doi:10.3906/biy-2105-53 · Cited by 12
“GABA and glutamate are neurotransmitters commonly found in the body as inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, respectively (Strandwitz et al., 2019).”
Background
Gut microbiota modulation by prednisolone in a rat kindling model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure
de Lima, A. M. D. L., Rosa, G. D. L., Guzzo, E. F. M., Padilha, R. B., da Silva, R. C., Silveira, A. K., Morales, D. D. L., de Araujo, M. C., Moreira, J. C. F., Barth, A. L., et al. (2021) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105376 · Cited by 12
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) suppresses hemocyte phagocytosis by binding to GABA receptors and modulating corresponding downstream pathways in blood clam, Tegillarca granosa
Yu, Y., Tian, D., Ri, S., Kim, T., Ju, K., Zhang, J., Teng, S., Zhang, W., Shi, W. M., & Liu, G. (2023) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108608 · Cited by 12
Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathophysiology of Stress-Related Disorders: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies
Izuno, S., Yoshihara, K., & Sudo, N. (2021) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000517420 · Cited by 12
Clostridioides difficile and neurological disorders: new perspectives
Biazzo, M., Allegra, M., & Deidda, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.946601 · Cited by 11
“, 2011); (iii) moreover, bacteria themselves are able to synthesize and then regulate the level of many neurotransmitters in the brain including major (GABA and glutamate) and neuromodulatory ones (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) (Desbonnet et al., 2010; Yano et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2017; Strandwitz et al.,…”
Background
Gut microbiota in diabetic-linked polycystic ovarian syndrome: Mechanisms and therapeutic insights
Mehta, P., Saha, D., Das, A., & Das, B. K. (2025) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2025.102870 · Cited by 11
Pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic innovations, and multimodal therapeutic strategies for slow transit constipation
Tang, X., Huang, Y., Jiang, T., Wu, J., Wang, K., & Wu, W. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-04387-9 · Cited by 14
Progress in Research on the Mechanism of GABA in Improving Sleep
Li, S., Li, Y., Xue, C., Zhang, Y., Tong, T., Ouyang, Z., Liu, D., Cai, J., & Sun, H. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14223856 · Cited by 12
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Changes in the gut microbiome, metabolic pathways, and intestinal gene expression during the peak, mid, and decline egg production phases in laying hens
Shahid, M. A. H., Jha, R., & Mishra, B. (2026) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2026.106372 · Cited by 11
“Glutamate carboxypeptidase facilitates the conversion of glutamate into GABA, thereby aiding older hens in eating more and reducing stomach stress (Polansky et al., 2016; Strandwitz et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2025).”
The Microbiome–Neurodegeneration Interface: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions
Böckels, L., Alexa, D., Antal, D. C., Gațcan, C., Alecu, C., Kacani, K., Cretu, R. A., Piseru, E.-A., Bîlcu, R. V., & Cuciureanu, D. I. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15020135 · Cited by 13
Composition and Function of Gut Microbiome: From Basic Omics to Precision Medicine
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“Microbes can produce various neuroactive substances, such as serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [51,52], which can directly or indirectly influence mood, cognition, and behavior.”
Plastic Events of the Vestibular Nucleus: the Initiation of Central Vestibular Compensation
Wu, J., Xu, X., Zhang, S., Li, M., Qiu, Y., Lu, G., Zheng, Z., & Huang, H. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04208-2 · Cited by 12
The interplay between the microbiota and opioid in the treatment of neuropathic pain
Gong, Z., Xue, Q., Luo, Y., Yu, B., Hua, B., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1390046 · Cited by 11
Lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects of Polygonatum fermented liquor: a study on intestinal microbiota and brain–gut axis in mice
Yang, X., Fang, L., Shen, J., Tan, Z., Zeng, W., Peng, M., & Xiao, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1428228 · Cited by 11

Authors: Strandwitz, P., Kim, K. H., Terekhova, D., Liu, J. K., Sharma, A., Levering, J., McDonald, D., Dietrich, D., Ramadhar, T. R., Lekbua, A., Mroue, N., Liston, C., Stewart, E. J., Dubin, M. J., Zengler, K., Knight, R., Gilbert, J. A., Clardy, J., & Lewis, K.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
Harvard University (US)
Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
Argonne National Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author: Strandwitz, Philip
Lewis, Kim
ORCID: Strandwitz, Philip
Kim, Ki Hyun
Liu, Joanne K.
Sharma, Anukriti
Levering, Jennifer
McDonald, Daniel
Dietrich, David
Ramadhar, Timothy R.
Lekbua, Asama
Liston, Conor
Dubin, Marc J.
Zengler, Karsten
Knight, Rob
Gilbert, Jack A.
Clardy, Jon
Lewis, Kim
Venue: Nature Microbiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-12-10
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 396-403
ISSN: 2058-5276 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0307-3
PMC: PMC6384127
OpenAlex: W2902161130
Semantic Scholar: e557d4ef36b36019dcd3ba0973119440d4426bca
Cited by: 1,170
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 153 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 225 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 141 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 46
FWCI: 26.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG005824)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F32GM108415)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI122286)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › GABA and Rice Research
Keywords: GABA, gut microbiota, Bacteroides, GABA-producing bacteria, bacterial growth factors, co-culture, Bacteroides fragilis, Parabacteroides, Escherichia, major depressive disorder, functional MRI, neurotransmitter metabolism, uncultured bacteria
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Whole Genome Sequencing, Adult, Aged, Bacteria, Bacteroides, Brain, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Feces, Female, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Gene Expression Profiling, Gastrointestinal Tract, Young Adult

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