B cell memory: building two walls of protection against pathogens

Akkaya, Munir; Kwak, Kihyuck; Pierce, Susan K.

doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0244-2

Cited by 626T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyImmune responses and vaccinationsImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

B cell memory: building two walls of protection against pathogens

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Akkaya, Munir, Kwak, Kihyuck, Pierce, Susan K.·2020·Nature Reviews Immunology

DOI 10.1038/s41577-019-0244-2PMC PMC7223087

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Abstract

Surviving a single infection often results in lifelong immunity to the infecting pathogen. Such protection is mediated, in large part, by two main B cell memory 'walls' - namely, long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. The cellular and molecular processes that drive the production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are subjects of intensive research and have important implications for global health. Indeed, although nearly all vaccines in use today depend on their ability to induce B cell memory, we have not yet succeeded in developing vaccines for some of the world's most deadly diseases, including AIDS and malaria. Here, we describe the two-phase process by which antigen drives the generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells and highlight the challenges for successful vaccine development in each phase.

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TH1 and TH2 cell responses support B cell activation and differentiation for antigen-specific antibody production and long-term memory development through germinal cell responses.
“TH1 and TH2 cell responses support B cell activation and differentiation for antigen-specific antibody production and long-term memory development through germinal cell responses34,35.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
The Phase 1 section on antigen-driven differentiation of naive B cells says that T-helper-cell interactions support pathogen-specific antibody production and germinal-centre B-cell differentiation into long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. It identifies T follicular helper (TFH) cells as providing crucial help in germinal centres, however, not TH1 and TH2 responses specifically. The named cell subsets are therefore not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Memory B and T cells can be rapidly reactivated upon exposure, resulting in enhanced control of initial viral replication and limiting viral dissemination.
“In such cases, memory B and T cells can be rapidly reactivated, resulting in the enhanced control of initial viral replication and limiting viral dissemination in the host (24, 25).”
From mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (2021) · cites this paper as [24]

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Authors: Akkaya, M., Kwak, K., & Pierce, S. K.
Affiliations: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Pierce, Susan K.
ORCID: Akkaya, Munir
Kwak, Kihyuck
Pierce, Susan K.
Venue: Nature Reviews Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-12-13
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 229-238
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0244-2
PMC: PMC7223087
OpenAlex: W2995903145
Cited by: 626
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 76 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 4.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords: memory B cells, long-lived plasma cells, vaccine development, high-affinity antibodies, lifelong immunity, HIV vaccine, malaria vaccine
MeSH terms: Antigens, B-Lymphocytes, Communicable Diseases, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Plasma Cells, Vaccines

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