T follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases
Open accessAbstract
Helping B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+ T cells. It has been 10 years since the publication of Bcl6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation and the requirement of Tfh cells as the specialized subset of CD4+ T cells needed for germinal centers (the microanatomical sites of B cell mutation and antibody affinity maturation) and related B cell responses. A great deal has been learned about Tfh cells in the past 10 years, particularly regarding their roles in a surprising range of diseases. Advances in the understanding of Tfh cell differentiation and function are discussed, as are the understanding of Tfh cells in infectious diseases, vaccines, autoimmune diseases, allergies, atherosclerosis, organ transplants, and cancer. This includes discussion of Tfh cells in the human immune system. Based on the discoveries to date, the next decade of Tfh research surely holds many more surprises. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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The Integrin LFA-1 Controls T Follicular Helper Cell Generation and Maintenance
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Increased Cathepsin S in Prdm1−/− dendritic cells alters TFH repertoire and contributes to lupus
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マウスおよびヒトはい中心におけるCCR6は記憶B細胞前駆体,光帯を明らかにする位置と主要な低抗原親和性【Powered by NICT】
Dan, S., Nike, J. K., Jesper, L. V. M., Danyal, B., Bourne, K., Jana, R., Tullman‐Ercek, D., Young, C., Aaron, S., Michael, E., et al. (2017) · Immunity · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Do Memory CD4 T Cells Keep Their Cell-Type Programming: Plasticity versus Fate Commitment?Preprint
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Tubo, N. J., Fife, B. T., Pagán, A. J., Kotov, D. I., Goldberg, M. F., & Jenkins, M. K. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad0483 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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Diversity of the CD4 T Cell Alloresponse: The Short and the Long of It
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Human Extrafollicular CD4+ Th Cells Help Memory B Cells Produce Igs
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Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595 · see citing works
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“…Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity, Cell (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 Article TFH cells are the CD4 + T cells required for most IgG responses and high-quality neutralizing antibodies (Crotty, 2019).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMathew, D., Giles, J. R., Baxter, A. E., Oldridge, D. A., Greenplate, A. R., Wu, J. E., Alanio, C., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., D’Andrea, K., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc8511 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
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Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19
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“SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Are Superior in Comparison to rRBD-AddaVax Vaccine at Inducing SARS-CoV-2-Specific Tfh Cells Tfh cells are key regulators of GC responses (Crotty, 2019; Vinuesa et al., 2016).”
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Germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals
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Yick, L.-W., Ma, O. K.-F., Chan, E. Y.-Y., Yau, K. X., Kwan, J. S.-C., & Chan, K.-H. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.161003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for the differentiation of B cells into memory B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells that produce isotype-switched, high-affinity antibodies (13).”
Influential
- Authors
- Crotty, S.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crotty, Shane
- ORCID
- Crotty, Shane
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1132-1148
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6532429
- OpenAlex
- W2946450286
- Cited by
- 1,591
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 197 · 2025: 233 · 2024: 239 · 2023: 225 · 2022: 257 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 15.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U19AI109976, R01AI135193, UM1AI100663)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- T follicular helper cells, germinal center, B cell response, affinity maturation, Tfh cell differentiation, infectious diseases, vaccines, autoimmune disease, allergy, atherosclerosis, organ transplantation, tumor immunology, human immune system
- MeSH terms
- Autoimmune Diseases, B-Lymphocytes, Cell Differentiation, Communicable Diseases, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Germinal Center, Atherosclerosis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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