The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 128 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals: measurement, causes and impact
Open accessAbstract
Breakthrough infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in fully vaccinated individuals are receiving intense scrutiny because of their importance in determining how long restrictions to control virus transmission will need to remain in place in highly vaccinated populations as well as in determining the need for additional vaccine doses or changes to the vaccine formulations and/or dosing intervals. Measurement of breakthrough infections is challenging outside of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind field trials. However, laboratory and observational studies are necessary to understand the impact of waning immunity, viral variants and other determinants of changing vaccine effectiveness against various levels of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Here, we describe the approaches being used to measure vaccine effectiveness and provide a synthesis of the burgeoning literature on the determinants of vaccine effectiveness and breakthrough rates. We argue that, rather than trying to tease apart the contributions of factors such as age, viral variants and time since vaccination, the rates of breakthrough infection are best seen as a consequence of the level of immunity at any moment in an individual, the variant to which that individual is exposed and the severity of disease being considered. We also address key open questions concerning the transition to endemicity, the potential need for altered vaccine formulations to track viral variants, the need to identify immune correlates of protection, and the public health challenges of using various tools to counter breakthrough infections, including boosters in an era of global vaccine shortages. Here, Lipsitch and colleagues assess the impact of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections that occur in individuals who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. The authors explain how the rate of breakthrough infections can be measured, what the causes of these infections are and discuss other key questions that need to be considered in light of these infections.
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Citations
Cites
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592
Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2035389 · Cited by 10,119
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Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742
Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant
Lopez Bernal, J., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Gallagher, E., Simmons, R., Thelwall, S., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2108891 · Cited by 2,889
BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting
Dagan, N., Barda, N., Kepten, E., Miron, O., Perchik, S., Katz, M. A., Hernán, M. A., Lipsitch, M., Reis, B., & Balicer, R. D. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2101765 · Cited by 2,527
Self-citationSafety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19
Sadoff, J., Gray, G., Vandebosch, A., Cárdenas, V., Shukarev, G., Grinsztejn, B., Goepfert, P. A., Truyers, C., Fennema, H., Spiessens, B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2101544 · Cited by 2,397
Correlates of protection induced by vaccination
Plotkin, S. A. (2010) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00131-10 · Cited by 1,745
Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months
Levin, E. G., Lustig, Y., Cohen, C., Fluss, R., Indenbaum, V., Amit, S., Doolman, R., Asraf, K., Mendelson, E., Ziv, A., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114583 · Cited by 1,703
Self-citationSix Month Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine
Thomas, S. J., Moreira, E. D., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Polack, F. P., Zerbini, C., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.21261159 · Cited by 1,640
Cited by
Buchan, S. A., Chung, H., Brown, K. A., Austin, P. C., Fell, D. B., Gubbay, J. B., Nasreen, S., Schwartz, K. L., Sundaram, M. E., Tadrous, M., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.32760 · Cited by 356
Buchan, S. A., Chung, H., Brown, K. A., Austin, P. C., Fell, D. B., Gubbay, J. B., Nasreen, S., Schwartz, K. L., Sundaram, M. E., Tadrous, M., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.21268565 · Cited by 356
Metadata
- Authors
- Lipsitch, M., Krammer, F., Regev-Yochay, G., Lustig, Y., & Balicer, R. D.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2021-12-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-65
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W4200368137
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 128
- FWCI
- 9.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- Lipsitch, M., Krammer, F., Regev-Yochay, G., Lustig, Y., & Balicer, R. D. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals: measurement, causes and impact. Nature Reviews Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00662-4
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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