Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology
Open accessAbstract
Perivascular spaces include a variety of passageways around arterioles, capillaries and venules in the brain, along which a range of substances can move. Although perivascular spaces were first identified over 150 years ago, they have come to prominence recently owing to advances in knowledge of their roles in clearance of interstitial fluid and waste from the brain, particularly during sleep, and in the pathogenesis of small vessel disease, Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders. Experimental advances have facilitated in vivo studies of perivascular space function in intact rodent models during wakefulness and sleep, and MRI in humans has enabled perivascular space morphology to be related to cognitive function, vascular risk factors, vascular and neurodegenerative brain lesions, sleep patterns and cerebral haemodynamics. Many questions about perivascular spaces remain, but what is now clear is that normal perivascular space function is important for maintaining brain health. Here, we review perivascular space anatomy, physiology and pathology, particularly as seen with MRI in humans, and consider translation from models to humans to highlight knowns, unknowns, controversies and clinical relevance.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hypertension induces hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells and arterial wall stiffening, dampening pulsatility and compliance, reducing convective perivascular flow.
“Hypertension in particular induces hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells, with a stiffening of the arterial wall that dampens arterial wall pulsatility and compliance, thus reducing convective perivascular flow (94, 100).”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [100]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Montagne, A., Nikolakopoulou, A. M., Zhao, Z., Sagare, A. P., Si, G., Lazic, D., Barnes, S. R., Daianu, M., Ramanathan, A., Go, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4482 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedIliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 · Cited by 5,824 · see citing works
Self-citationWardlaw, J. M., Smith, E. E., Biessels, G. J., Cordonnier, C., Fazekas, F., Frayne, R., Lindley, R. I., O'Brien, J. T., Barkhof, F., Benavente, O. R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70124-8 · Cited by 5,560 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411 · see citing works
Self-citationMR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging
Fazekas, F., Chawluk, J. B., Alavi, A. A., Hurtig, H. I., & Zimmerman, R. A. (1987) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.149.2.351 · Cited by 5,327 · see citing works
Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels
Louveau, A., Smirnov, I., Keyes, T. J., Eccles, J. D., Rouhani, S. J., Peske, J. D., Derecki, N. C., Castle, D., Mandell, J. W., Lee, K. S., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14432 · Cited by 4,413 · see citing works
Blood–brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders
Sweeney, M. D., Sagare, A. P., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188 · Cited by 3,076 · see citing works
Self-citationSilent Brain Infarcts and the Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Decline
Vermeer, S. E., Prins, N. D., den Heijer, T., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022066 · Cited by 2,313 · see citing works
A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules
Aspelund, A., Antila, S., Proulx, S. T., Karlsen, T. V., Karaman, S., Detmar, M., Wiig, H., & Alitalo, K. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20142290 · Cited by 2,198 · see citing works
The glymphatic system: a beginner's guide
Jessen, N. A., Munk, A. S. F., Lundgaard, I., & Nedergaard, M. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6 · Cited by 2,075 · see citing works
Self-citationSmall vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications
Wardlaw, J. M., Smith, C., & Dichgans, M. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30079-1 · Cited by 1,777 · see citing works
Self-citationBlood–brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction
Nation, D. A., Sweeney, M. D., Montagne, A., Sagare, A. P., D’Orazio, L. M., Pachicano, M., Sepehrband, F., Nelson, A. R., Buennagel, D. P., Harrington, M. G., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0297-y · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works
Self-citationClearance systems in the brain—implications for Alzheimer disease
Tarasoff-Conway, J. M., Carare, R. O., Osorio, R. S., Glodzik, L., Butler, T., Fieremans, E., Axel, L., Rusinek, H., Nicholson, C., Zlokovic, B. V., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.119 · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
Self-citationThe glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders.
Rasmussen, M. K., Mestre, H., & Nedergaard, M. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30318-1 · Cited by 1,560 · see citing works
Self-citationImpairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain
Kress, B. T., Iliff, J. J., Xia, M., Wang, M., Wei, H. S., Zeppenfeld, D., Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Liew, J. A., et al. (2014) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24271 · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease
Da Mesquita, S., Louveau, A., Vaccari, A., Smirnov, I., Cornelison, R. C., Kingsmore, K. M., Contarino, C., Onengut-Gumuscu, S., Farber, E., Raper, D., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0368-8 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works
Cerebral Arterial Pulsation Drives Paravascular CSF–Interstitial Fluid Exchange in the Murine Brain
Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Zeppenfeld, D. M., Venkataraman, A., Plog, B. A., Liao, Y., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1592-13.2013 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Self-citationLacunar strokes and infarcts: A review
Fisher, C. M. (1982) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.32.8.871 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry
Mohr, J. P., Caplan, L. R., Melski, J. W., Goldstein, R. J., Duncan, G. W., Kistler, J. P., Pessin, M. S., & Bleich, H. L. (1978) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.28.8.754 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI
Iliff, J. J., Lee, H., Yu, M., Feng, T., Logan, J., Nedergaard, M., & Benveniste, H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci67677 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Self-citationFlow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension.
Mestre, H., Tithof, J., Du, T., Song, W., Peng, W., Sweeney, A. M., Olveda, G., Thomas, J. H., Nedergaard, M., & Kelley, D. H. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07318-3 · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Self-citationCNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature.
Louveau, A., Herz, J., Alme, M. N., Salvador, A. F., Dong, M. Q., Viar, K. E., Herod, S. G., Knopp, J., Setliff, J. C., Lupi, A. L., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0227-9 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease
Doubal, F. N., MacLullich, A. M. J., Ferguson, K. J., Dennis, M. S., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.564914 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Self-citationβ-Amyloid accumulation in the human brain after one night of sleep deprivation
Shokri-Kojori, E., Wang, G.-J., Wiers, C. E., Demiral, S. B., Guo, M., Kim, S. W., Lindgren, E., Ramirez, V., Zehra, A., Freeman, C., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1721694115 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Self-citationLRP/Amyloid β-Peptide Interaction Mediates Differential Brain Efflux of Aβ Isoforms
Deane, R., Wu, Z., Sagare, A., Davis, J., Du Yan, S., Hamm, K., Xu, F., Parisi, M., LaRue, B., Hu, H. W., et al. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.07.017 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Self-citationThe sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans
Holth, J. K., Fritschi, S. K., Wang, C., Pedersen, N. P., Cirrito, J. R., Mahan, T. E., Finn, M. B., Manis, M., Geerling, J. C., Fuller, P. M., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav2546 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future
Plog, B. A., & Nedergaard, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Self-citationapoE isoform–specific disruption of amyloid β peptide clearance from mouse brain
Deane, R., Sagare, A., Hamm, K., Parisi, M., Lane, S., Finn, M. B., Holtzman, D. M., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci36663 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Rennels, M. L., Gregory, T. F., Blaumanis, O. R., Fujimoto, K., & Grady, P. A. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91383-6 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain
Mestre, H., Hablitz, L. M., Xavier, A. L., Feng, W., Zou, W., Pu, T., Monai, H., Murlidharan, G., Castellanos Rivera, R. M., Simon, M. J., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.40070 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Significance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Markers of Vascular Brain Injury
Debette, S., Schilling, S., Duperron, M., Larsson, S. C., & Markus, H. S. (2018) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3122 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Ringstad, G., Vatnehol, S. A. S., & Eide, P. K. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx191 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Vascular dysfunction—The disregarded partner of Alzheimer's disease
Sweeney, M. D., Montagne, A., Sagare, A. P., Nation, D. A., Schneider, L. S., Chui, H. C., Harrington, M. G., Pa, J., Law, M., Wang, D. J. J., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.222 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Self-citationNedergaard, M. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1240514 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Self-citationZeppenfeld, D. M., Simon, M., Haswell, J. D., D’Abreo, D., Murchison, C., Quinn, J. F., Grafe, M. R., Woltjer, R. L., Kaye, J., & Iliff, J. J. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4370 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Absinta, M., Ha, S.-K., Nair, G., Sati, P., Luciano, N. J., Palisoc, M., Louveau, A., Zaghloul, K. A., Pittaluga, S., Kipnis, J., et al. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.29738 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Mechanisms of fluid movement into, through and out of the brain: evaluation of the evidence
Hladky, S. B., & Barrand, M. A. (2014) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/2045-8118-11-26 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Hablitz, L. M., Vinitsky, H. S., Sun, Q., Stæger, F. F., Sigurdsson, B., Mortensen, K. N., Lilius, T. O., & Nedergaard, M. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav5447 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Self-citationSlow wave sleep disruption increases cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β levels
Ju, Y.-E. S., Ooms, S. J., Sutphen, C., Macauley, S. L., Zangrilli, M. A., Jerome, G., Fagan, A. M., Mignot, E., Zempel, J. M., Claassen, J. A. H. R., et al. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx148 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Suppression of glymphatic fluid transport in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Peng, W., Achariyar, T. M., Li, B., Liao, Y., Mestre, H., Hitomi, E., Regan, S., Kasper, T., Peng, S., Ding, F., et al. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.015 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnston, M., Zakharov, A., Papaiconomou, C., Salmasi, G., & Armstrong, D. (2004) · Cerebrospinal Fluid Research · doi:10.1186/1743-8454-1-2 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Brain-wide glymphatic enhancement and clearance in humans assessed with MRI.
Ringstad, G., Valnes, L. M., Dale, A. M., Pripp, A. H., Vatnehol, S.-A. S., Emblem, K. E., Mardal, K.-A., & Eide, P. K. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.121537 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
The Glymphatic System and Waste Clearance with Brain Aging: A Review
Benveniste, H., Liu, X., Koundal, S., Sanggaard, S., Lee, H., & Wardlaw, J. (2019) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000490349 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Self-citationPotter, G. M., Chappell, F. M., Morris, Z., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2015) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000375153 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Self-citationLymphatic drainage of the brain and the pathophysiology of neurological disease
Weller, R. O., Djuanda, E., Yow, H.-Y., & Carare, R. O. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0457-0 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Cai, R., Pan, C., Ghasemigharagoz, A., Todorov, M. I., Förstera, B., Zhao, S., Bhatia, H. S., Parra-Damas, A., Mrowka, L., Theodorou, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0301-3 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Self-citation(1990) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 463 · see citing works
The Effect of Body Posture on Brain Glymphatic Transport
Lee, H. J., Xie, L., Yu, M., Kang, H., Feng, T., Deane, R., Logan, J., Nedergaard, M., & Benveniste, H. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1625-15.2015 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Self-citationA balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: Focus on adult humans
Spector, R., Snodgrass, S. R., & Johanson, C. E. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.07.027 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Kiviniemi, V. J., Wang, X., Korhonen, V. O., Keinänen, T., Tuovinen, T., Autio, J. A., LeVan, P., Keilholz, S. D., Zang, Y., Hennig, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x15622047 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationVirchow-Robin spaces at MR imaging
Kwee, R. M., & Kwee, T. C. (2007) · RadioGraphics · doi:10.1148/rg.274065722 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with cognitive function in healthy elderly men
MacLullich, A. M. J. (2004) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.030858 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Inspiration is the major regulator of human CSF flow.
Dreha-Kulaczewski, S., Joseph, A. A., Merboldt, K.-D., Ludwig, H.-C., Gärtner, J., & Frahm, J. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3246-14.2015 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Lacunar stroke is associated with diffuse blood-brain barrier dysfunction
Wardlaw, J. M., Doubal, F., Armitage, P., Chappell, F., Carpenter, T., Muñoz Maniega, S., Farrall, A., Sudlow, C., Dennis, M., & Dhillon, B. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21549 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, A. J., Yao, X., Dix, J. A., Jin, B.-J., & Verkman, A. S. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.27679 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Hawkes, C. A., Härtig, W., Kacza, J., Schliebs, R., Weller, R. O., Nicoll, J. A. R., & Carare, R. O. (2011) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0801-7 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Bakker, E. N. T. P., Bacskai, B. J., Arbel-Ornath, M., Aldea, R., Bedussi, B., Morris, A. W. J., Weller, R. O., & Carare, R. O. (2016) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-015-0273-8 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Understanding the role of the perivascular space in cerebral small vessel disease
Brown, R., Benveniste, H., Black, S. E., Charpak, S., Dichgans, M., Joutel, A., Nedergaard, M., Smith, K. J., Zloković, B. V., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2018) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvy113 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, Y.-C., Tzourio, C., Soumaré, A., Mazoyer, B., Dufouil, C., & Chabriat, H. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.591586 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit
Bradbury, M. W., Cserr, H. F., & Westrop, R. J. (1981) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1981.240.4.f329 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Yang, L., Kress, B. T., Weber, H. J., Thiyagarajan, M., Wang, B., Deane, R., Benveniste, H., Iliff, J. J., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/1479-5876-11-107 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationAlbargothy, N. J., Johnston, D. A., MacGregor-Sharp, M., Weller, R. O., Verma, A., Hawkes, C. A., & Carare, R. O. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1862-7 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Cerebral blood flow in small vessel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Shi, Y., Thrippleton, M. J., Makin, S., Marshall, I., Geerlings, M. I., de Craen, A. J. M., van Buchem, M. A., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16662891 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationEide, P. K., Vatnehol, S. A. S., Emblem, K. E., & Ringstad, G. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25666-4 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Enlarged Perivascular Spaces and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Potter, G. M., Doubal, F. N., Jackson, C. A., Chappell, F. M., Sudlow, C. L., Dennis, M. S., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2015) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/ijs.12054 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationBraffman, B. H., Zimmerman, R. A., Trojanowski, J. Q., Gonatas, N. K., Hickey, W., & Schlaepfer, W. W. (1988) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.151.3.551 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Vascular basement membranes as pathways for the passage of fluid into and out of the brain
Morris, A. W. J., Sharp, M. M., Albargothy, N. J., Fernandes, R., Hawkes, C. A., Verma, A., Weller, R. O., & Carare, R. O. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1555-z · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Cognitive Ability and Brain Structure in Type 1 Diabetes
Ferguson, S. C., Blane, A., Perros, P., McCrimmon, R. J., Best, J. J. K., Wardlaw, J. M., Deary, I. J., & Frier, B. M. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.149 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationInterstitial solute transport in 3D reconstructed neuropil occurs by diffusion rather than bulk flow
Holter, K. E., Kehlet, B., Devor, A., Sejnowski, T. J., Dale, A. M., Omholt, S. W., Ottersen, O. P., Nagelhus, E. A., Mardal, K.-A., & Pettersen, K. H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1706942114 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Glymphatic solute transport does not require bulk flow
Asgari, M., de Zélicourt, D., & Kurtcuoglu, V. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep38635 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Roher, A. E., Kuo, Y., Esh, C. L., Knebel, C., Weiss, N., Kalback, W. M., Luehrs, D. C., Childress, J., Beach, T. G., Weller, R. O., et al. (2003) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03402043 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Total MRI load of cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive ability in older people
Staals, J., Booth, T., Morris, Z., Bastin, M. E., Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Redmond, P. H., Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.024 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationWardlaw, J. M., Makin, S., Hernández, M. C. V., Armitage, P. A., Heye, A. K., Chappell, F. M., Maniega, S. M., Sakka, E., Shuler, K., Dennis, M. S., et al. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.09.006 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationCOL4A1 Mutations as a Monogenic Cause of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Lanfranconi, S., & Markus, H. S. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.581918 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal Fluid Clearance in Alzheimer Disease Measured with Dynamic PET
de Leon, M. J., Li, Y., Okamura, N., Tsui, W. H., Saint-Louis, L. A., Glodzik, L., Osorio, R. S., Fortea, J., Butler, T., Pirraglia, E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.187211 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationPerivascular spaces—MRI marker of inflammatory activity in the brain?
Wuerfel, J., Haertle, M., Waiczies, H., Tysiak, E., Bechmann, I., Wernecke, K. D., Zipp, F., & Paul, F. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn171 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Eide, P. K., & Ringstad, G. A. (2018) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x18760974 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Francis, F., Ballerini, L., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2019) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493019830321 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationWeed, L. H. (1914) · PubMed Central · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia of the human brain: their relationship to lacunes
POLLOCK, H., HUTCHINGS, M., WELLER, R. O., & ZHANG, E. (1997) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19130337.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Paravascular microcirculation facilitates rapid lipid transport and astrocyte signaling in the brain
Thrane, V. R., Thrane, A. S., Plog, B. A., Thiyagarajan, M., Iliff, J. J., Deane, R., Nagelhus, E. A., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep02582 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationDing, J., Sigurdsson, S. O., Jónsson, P. V., Eiríksdóttir, G., Charidimou, A., López, O. L., van Buchem, M. A., Gudnason, V. G., & Launer, L. J. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1397 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
(2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Jin, B.-J., Smith, A. J., & Verkman, A. S. (2016) · Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.201611684 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Dreha‐Kulaczewski, S. F., Joseph, A. A., Merboldt, K., Ludwig, H.-C., Gärtner, J., & Frahm, J. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2754-16.2017 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Venous collagenosis and arteriolar tortuosity in leukoaraiosis
Brown, W. R., Moody, D. M., Challa, V. R., Thore, C. R., & Anstrom, J. A. (2002) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00283-6 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
White matter perivascular spaces
Charidimou, A., Jaunmuktane, Z., Baron, J., Burnell, M., Varlet, P., Peeters, A. P., Xuereb, J. H., Jäger, H. R., Brandner, S., & Werring, D. J. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000438225.02729.04 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
White Matter Changes in Dementia: Role of Impaired Drainage of Interstitial Fluid
Weller, R. O., Hawkes, C. A., Kalaria, R. N., Werring, D. J., & Carare, R. O. (2014) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12218 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Zhu, Y.-C., Dufouil, C., Mazoyer, B., Soumaré, A., Ricolfi, F., Tzourio, C., & Chabriat, H. (2011) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2366 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Keable, A., Fenna, K., Yuen, H. M., Johnston, D. A., Smyth, N. R., Smith, C., Salman, R. A., Samarasekera, N., Nicoll, J. A. R., Attems, J., et al. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.024 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Ramirez, J., Berezuk, C., McNeely, A. A., Scott, C. J. M., Gao, F., & Black, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-132528 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, A., Akinyemi, R. O., Hase, Y., Firbank, M. J., Ndung’u, M. N., Foster, V., Craggs, L. J. L., Washida, K., Okamoto, Y., Thomas, A. J., et al. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv328 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Ghosh, M., Balbi, M., Hellal, F., Dichgans, M., Lindauer, U., & Plesnila, N. (2015) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24512 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous system
Weed, L. H. (1923) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1000310302 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Drainage of Cells and Soluble Antigen from the CNS to Regional Lymph Nodes
Laman, J. D., & Weller, R. O. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-013-9470-8 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Bedussi, B., van der Wel, N. N., de Vos, J., van Veen, H. A., Siebes, M., VanBavel, E., & Bakker, E. N. T. P. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16655550 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Aribisala, B. S., Wiseman, S. J., Morris, Z., Valdés-Hernández, M. C., Royle, N. A., Maniega, S. M., Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Bastin, M. E., Starr, J. M., et al. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.113.004059 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationRainey-Smith, S. R., Mazzucchelli, G. N., Villemagne, V. L., Brown, B. M., Porter, T., Weinborn, M., Bucks, R. S., Milicic, L., Sohrabi, H. R., Taddei, K., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0094-x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Visualization of Perivascular Spaces and Perforating Arteries With 7 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Bouvy, W. H., Biessels, G. J., Kuijf, H. J., Kappelle, L. J., Luijten, P. R., & Zwanenburg, J. J. M. (2014) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/rli.0000000000000027 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Shi, Y., Thrippleton, M. J., Blair, G. W., Dickie, D. A., Marshall, I., Hamilton, I. F., Doubal, F., Chappell, F. M., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x18803956 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh Degree of Dilated Virchow-Robin Spaces on MRI is Associated with Increased Risk of Dementia
Zhu, Y., Dufouil, C., Soumaré, A., Mazoyer, B. M., Chabriat, H., & Tzourio, C. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-100378 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Perivascular Spaces Segmentation in Brain MRI Using Optimal 3D Filtering
Ballerini, L., Lovreglio, R., Hernández, M. D. C. V., Ramirez, J., MacIntosh, B. J., Black, S. E., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19781-5 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationEnlarged perivascular spaces and cognition
Hilal, S., Tan, C. S., Adams, H. H. H., Habes, M., Mok, V., Venketasubramanian, N., Hofer, E., Ikram, M. K., Abrigo, J., Vernooij, M. W., et al. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006079 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
THE VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE BRAIN, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GALENIC SYSTEM
Schlesinger, B. (1939) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/62.3.274 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Chen, W., Song, X., Zhang, Y., & Initiative, F. T. A. D. N. (2011) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2541 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: A Prospective Registry
Mohr, J. P., Caplan, L. R., Melski, J. W., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000407893.32997.51 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Loss of perivascular aquaporin‐4 in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Hasan‐Olive, M. M., Enger, R., Hansson, H., Nagelhus, E. A., & Eide, P. K. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23528 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Virchow-Robin Spaces: Correlations with Polysomnography-Derived Sleep Parameters
Berezuk, C., Ramirez, J., Gao, F., Scott, C. J. M., Huroy, M., Swartz, R. H., Murray, B. J., Black, S. E., & Boulos, M. I. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4726 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationModerate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea is associated with cerebral small vessel disease
Song, T., Park, J., Choi, K. H., Chang, Y., Moon, J., Kim, J., Choi, Y., Kim, Y., & Lee, H. W. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.03.006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationDuperron, M., Tzourio, C., Sargurupremraj, M., Mazoyer, B. M., Soumaré, A., Schilling, S., Amouyel, P., Chauhan, G., Zhu, Y., & Debette, S. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.019309 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Measuring Glymphatic Flow in Man Using Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced MRI
Watts, R., Steinklein, J. M., Waldman, L. E., Zhou, X., & Filippi, C. G. (2019) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a5931 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Wardlaw, J. M., Dennis, M. S., Warlow, C. P., & Sandercock, P. A. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1082 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationReview: Vascular dementia: clinicopathologic and genetic considerations
Vinters, H. V., Zarow, C., Borys, E., Whitman, J. D., Tung, S., Ellis, W. G., Zheng, L., & Chui, H. C. (2018) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12472 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden Is Increased in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Wiseman, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Jardine, C., Barclay, G., Hamilton, I. F., Sandeman, E. M., Hunt, D. P. J., Amft, E. N., Thomson, S., Belch, J. J. F., et al. (2016) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.116.014330 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation(1955) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Hernández, M. D. C. V., Piper, R. J., Wang, X., Deary, I. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24047 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationRatner, V., Gao, Y., Lee, H., Elkin, R., Nedergaard, M., Benveniste, H., & Tannenbaum, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.021 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationDilated perivascular spaces in small-vessel disease: a study in CADASIL
Yao, M., Hervé, D., Jouvent, E., Duering, M., Reyes, S., Godin, O., Guichard, J. P., Dichgans, M., & Chabriat, H. (2014) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000356982 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Simon, M. J., Wang, M. X., Murchison, C. F., Roese, N. E., Boespflug, E. L., Woltjer, R. L., & Iliff, J. J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30779-x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Lau, K. K., Li, L., Lovelock, C. E., Zamboni, G., Chan, T., Chiang, M.-F., Lo, K.-T., Küker, W., Mak, H. K., & Rothwell, P. M. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.016694 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ge, Y., Law, M., Herbert, J., et al. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Weed, L. H. (1914) · PubMed Central · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brain Perivascular Spaces as Biomarkers of Vascular Risk: Results from the Northern Manhattan Study
Gutierrez, J., Elkind, M. S. V., Dong, C., Tullio, M. R. D., Rundek, T., Sacco, R. L., & Wright, C. B. (2017) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a5129 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Enlarged basal ganglia perivascular spaces and sleep parameters. A population-based study
Brutto, Ó. H. D., Mera, R. M., Brutto, V. J. D., & Castillo, P. R. (2019) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.05.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Uiterwijk, R., Huijts, M., Staals, J., Duits, A., Gronenschild, E. H. B. M., Kroon, A. A., de Leeuw, P. W., & van Oostenbrugge, R. J. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03621 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Boulouis, G., Charidimou, A., Pasi, M., Roongpiboonsopit, D., Xiong, L., Auriel, E., van Etten, E. S., Martínez‐Ramírez, S., Ayres, A. M., Vashkevich, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.07.015 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
CADASIL accelerated by acute hypotension
Pettersen, J. A., Keith, J. L., Gao, F., et al. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003717 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Schreiber, S., Drukarch, B., Garz, C., Niklass, S., Stanaszek, L., Kropf, S., Bueche, C. Z., Held, F., Vielhaber, S., Attems, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-132618 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wiseman, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Hamilton, I. F., et al. (2016) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203316668417 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Miyata, M., Kakeda, S., Iwata, S., Nakayamada, S., Ide, S., Watanabe, K., Moriya, J., Tanaka, Y., & Korogi, Y. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12966-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Barua, N. U., Bienemann, A. S., Hesketh, S. A., Wyatt, M. J., Castrique, E. S., Love, S., & Gill, S. S. (2012) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/2045-8118-9-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
González‐Castro, V., Hernández, M. D. C. V., Chappell, F. M., Armitage, P. A., Makin, S., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2017) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20170051 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationBallerini, L., Lovreglio, R., Hernández, M. D. C. V., González‐Castro, V., Maniega, S. M., Pellegrini, E., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2016) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationBechter, K., & Schmitz, B. (2014) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2014.55.399 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
GlymphVIS: Visualizing Glymphatic Transport Pathways Using Regularized Optimal Transport
Elkin, R., Nadeem, S., Haber, E., et al. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00928-1_95 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Humphreys, C. A., Jansen, M. A., Maniega, S. M., González‐Castro, V., Pernet, C. R., Deary, I. J., Salman, R. A., Wardlaw, J. M., & Smith, C. (2018) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493018799962 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive function, disease burden and the structural connectome in systemic lupus erythematosus
Wiseman, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Amft, E. N., et al. (2018) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203318772666 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histopathological Visualization of Human Dural Lymphatic Vessels
Ha, S.-K., Nair, G., Absinta, M., Luciano, N. J., & Reich, D. S. (2018) · BIO-PROTOCOL · doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.2819 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gao, F., Gaal, S. C. V., Levy‐Cooperman, N., Ramirez, J., Scott, C. J. M., Bilbao, J. R., & Black, S. E. (2008) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1090 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationFisher, E., & Reich, D. S. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829c01da · Cited by 4 · see citing works
O1‐08‐03: Prevalence of enlarged perivascular spaces in a memory clinic population
Baek, H., Choi, H. J., Byun, M. S., Choe, Y. M., Yi, D., Han, J., Lee, Y. J., Woo, J. I., & Lee, D. Y. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.07.071 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Intracranial functional haemodynamic relationships in patients with cerebral small vessel diseasePreprint
Blair, G. W., Thrippleton, M. J., Shi, Y., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/572818 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hydraulic resistance of perivascular spaces in the brainPreprint
Tithof, J., Kelley, D. H., Mestre, H., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/522409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Elkin, R. et al. in International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer- Assisted Intervention (MICCAI 2018) 844-852 (2018).
- Fazekas, F. et al. The frequency of punctate areas of signal loss (microbleeds) on gradient-echo T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in healthy elderly normals: The Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. J Neurol 345, 8 (1998).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia
Nedergaard, M., & Goldman, S. A. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb8739 · Cited by 1,145 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease—advances since 2013
Duering, M., Biessels, G. J., Brodtmann, A., Chen, C., Cordonnier, C., de Leeuw, F.-E., Debette, S., Frayne, R., Jouvent, E., Rost, N. S., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00131-x · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Self-citationMou, Y., Du, Y., Zhou, L., Yue, J., Hu, X., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Lin, X., Zhang, G., Xiao, H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.796288 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The barrier and interface mechanisms of the brain barrier, and brain drug delivery
Zhang, S., Gan, L., Cao, F., Wang, H., Gong, P., Ma, C., Ren, L., Lin, Y., & Lin, X. (2022) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.017 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
A new dawn of preventing dementia by preventing cerebrovascular diseases
Pan, Y., Li, H., Wardlaw, J. M., & Wang, Y. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3692 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence of beta amyloid independent small vessel disease in familial Alzheimer's disease
Littau, J. L., Velilla, L., Hase, Y., Villalba‐Moreno, N. D., Hagel, C., Drexler, D., Osorio Restrepo, S., Villegas, A., Lopera, F., Vargas, S., et al. (2022) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.13097 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The brain washing system in sepsis-associated encephalopathy
Chen, T., Hu, J., Liao, Y., Xie, S., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03602-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wardlaw, J. M., Benveniste, H., Nedergaard, M., Zlokovic, B. V., Mestre, H., Lee, H., Doubal, F. N., Brown, R., Ramirez, J., MacIntosh, B. J., Tannenbaum, A., Ballerini, L., Rungta, R. L., Boido, D., Sweeney, M., Montagne, A., Charpak, S., Joutel, A., Smith, K. J., Black, S. E., & colleagues from the Fondation Leducq Transatlantic Network of Excellence on the Role of the Perivascular Space in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
- Affiliations
- UK Dementia Research Institute (GB)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (FR)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wardlaw, Joanna M.
- ORCID
- Wardlaw, Joanna M.
- Benveniste, Helene
- Nedergaard, Maiken
- Zlokovic, Berislav V.
- Mestre, Humberto
- Lee, Hedok
- Doubal, Fergus N.
- Brown, Rosalind
- Ramirez, Joel
- MacIntosh, Bradley J.
- Tannenbaum, Allen
- Ballerini, Lucia
- Rungta, Ravi L.
- Boido, Davide
- Sweeney, Melanie
- Montagne, Axel
- Charpak, Serge
- Joutel, Anne
- Smith, Kenneth J.
- Black, Sandra E.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2020-02-24
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 137-153
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W3007815224
- Cited by
- 870
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 153 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 44
- FWCI
- 14.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Rosetrees Trust
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-IAHU-0001)
- Fondation Leducq
- Lundbeckfonden (R155-2016–552)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0004258)
- National Institute on Aging (RF1AG053991)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- perivascular spaces, cerebral microvasculature, interstitial fluid clearance, glymphatic system, sleep, cerebral small vessel disease, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, cerebral hemodynamics, rodent models
- MeSH terms
- Glymphatic System, Animals, Brain Diseases, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
