Accumulation of succinate controls activation of adipose tissue thermogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Thermogenesis by brown and beige adipose tissue, which requires activation by external stimuli, can counter metabolic disease 1. Thermogenic respiration is initiated by adipocyte lipolysis through cyclic AMP-protein kinase A signalling; this pathway has been subject to longstanding clinical investigation 2-4. Here we apply a comparative metabolomics approach and identify an independent metabolic pathway that controls acute activation of adipose tissue thermogenesis in vivo. We show that substantial and selective accumulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate succinate is a metabolic signature of adipose tissue thermogenesis upon activation by exposure to cold. Succinate accumulation occurs independently of adrenergic signalling, and is sufficient to elevate thermogenic respiration in brown adipocytes. Selective accumulation of succinate may be driven by a capacity of brown adipocytes to sequester elevated circulating succinate. Furthermore, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis can be initiated by systemic administration of succinate in mice. Succinate from the extracellular milieu is rapidly metabolized by brown adipocytes, and its oxidation by succinate dehydrogenase is required for activation of thermogenesis. We identify a mechanism whereby succinate dehydrogenase-mediated oxidation of succinate initiates production of reactive oxygen species, and drives thermogenic respiration, whereas inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase supresses thermogenesis. Finally, we show that pharmacological elevation of circulating succinate drives UCP1-dependent thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue in vivo, which stimulates robust protection against diet-induced obesity and improves glucose tolerance. These findings reveal an unexpected mechanism for control of thermogenesis, using succinate as a systemically-derived thermogenic molecule.
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Intracellular succinate accumulates rapidly upon cold temperature-mediated activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue-in part because brown adipocytes begin sequestering circulating succinate more effectively.
“For example, intracellular succinate accumulates rapidly upon cold temperature–mediated activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue—in part because brown adipocytes begin sequestering circulating succinate more effectively (192).”
From Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [192]
Succinate pools are directly oxidized by SDH, resulting in ROS production that stimulates uncoupling protein 1 activity, which uncouples the mitochondrial proton gradient from respiration, thereby producing heat.
“Succinate pools are directly oxidized by SDH, resulting in ROS production that stimulates uncoupling protein 1 activity, which in turn uncouples the mitochondrial proton gradient from respiration, thereby producing heat (192).”
From Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [192]
Succinate accumulates in BAT upon cold exposure and favors thermogenesis in an UCP1‐dependent manner.
“In addition, Mills and colleagues demonstrated that succinate accumulates in BAT upon cold exposure and favors thermogenesis in an UCP1‐dependent manner 164.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [164]
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- Authors
- Mills, E. L., Pierce, K. A., Jedrychowski, M. P., Garrity, R., Winther, S., Vidoni, S., Yoneshiro, T., Spinelli, J. B., Lu, G. Z., Kazak, L., Banks, A. S., Haigis, M. C., Kajimura, S., Murphy, M. P., Gygi, S. P., Clish, C. B., & Chouchani, E. T.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Chouchani, Edward T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-07-18
- Volume
- 560
- Issue
- 7716
- Pages
- 102-106
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC7045287
- OpenAlex
- W2883879320
- Cited by
- 539
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 13
- FWCI
- 35.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (110158/Z/15/Z, 110159/Z/ 15/Z)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF18OC0032380)
- National Institutes of Health (5 P30 CA06516, CA06516, NIH 5 P30 CA06516)
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00015/3)
- National Cancer Institute (NIH5P30CA06516, CA06516, P30-CA06516, P30CA006516, 5-P30 CA06516)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM067945)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK112268, R01DK103295, P30DK098722, P30DK063720, P30DK040561, R01DK123095, R01DK097441)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- succinic acid, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, succinate dehydrogenase, reactive oxygen species, UCP1, cold exposure, lipolysis, diet-induced obesity, glucose tolerance, adipocyte metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Uncoupling Protein 1, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Female, Male, Obesity, Oxidation-Reduction, Succinate Dehydrogenase, Reactive Oxygen Species, Adipocytes, Succinic Acid, Thermogenesis, Mice, Adipose Tissue, White, Metabolomics
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