The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations
Open accessAbstract
Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.
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Chronic exercise is associated with altered humoral factors even at rest, suggesting that exerkine changes can reflect chronic training effects.
“Chronic exercise is also associated with altered humoral factors, even in the resting state, suggesting that exerkine alterations can reflect the effects of chronic training27.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Chronic exercise responses typically focus on long-term metabolic adaptations and decreased inflammation.
“chronic exercise exposure is associated with responses focused on long-term metabolic adaptations and decreased inflammation27.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Interplay between the endothelium and established exerkines such as nitric oxide and VEGF influences vascular tone, inflammation, regeneration and thrombosis, and has an important role in cardiovascular and overall resilience.
“interplay between the endothelium and established exerkines, such as nitric oxide52 and VEGF27, has been shown to influence vascular tone, inflammation, regeneration and thrombosis, and has an important role in cardiovascular and overall resilience67.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
The interplay between the endothelium and the exerkines NO• and VEGF can modulate vascular tone, inflammation, regeneration, and thrombosis, with an important role in cardiovascular resilience.
“Notably, the interplay between the endothelium and the exerkines NO• 174 and VEGF 175 can modulate vascular tone, inflammation, regeneration, and thrombosis, with an important role in cardiovascular resilience-that is, absence of actual CVD despite existing risk factors.176”
From Exercise benefits in cardiovascular diseases: From mechanisms to clinical implementation (2023) · cites this paper as [175]
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Exerkines in health, resilience and disease
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Self-citationNeuroprotective mechanisms of exercise and the importance of fitness for healthy brain ageing
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“It then was claimed that LIF acts specifically on muscle fibers because the administration of LIF for 4 weeks only causes soleus hypertrophy, while extensor digitorum longus muscles had needed a b2-adrenoreceptor agonist to respond to growth (80).”
BackgroundInfluentialExercise Induces Tissue-Specific Adaptations to Enhance Cardiometabolic Health
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Self-citationAging, Osteo-Sarcopenia, and Musculoskeletal Mechano-Transduction
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Acetate and succinate benefit host muscle energetics as exercise‐associated post‐biotics
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Exercise-Boosted Mitochondrial Remodeling in Parkinson’s Disease
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Exploring the Impact of Exercise-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Biology
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Powers, S. K., Goldstein, E. R., Lategan-Potgieter, R., Schrager, M. A., Skelton, M., & Demirel, H. A. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.010 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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The long non-coding RNA landscape of endurance exercise training
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The Gut–Brain–Muscle Axis: Microbial Regulation of Neuromuscular Aging and Cognitive Frailty
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Disruption of the Muscle–Brain Axis in Ageing: Role of Myokines in Sarcopenia and Neurodegeneration
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- Authors
- Leuchtmann, A. B., Adak, V., Dilbaz, S., & Handschin, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Handschin, Christoph
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-08-12
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 709807-709807
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8387622
- OpenAlex
- W3194320899
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 299
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- edoc (University of Basel)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council
- Swiss Cancer Research Foundation
- Novartis Stiftung für Medizinisch-Biologische Forschung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- myokines, endurance training, resistance training, extracellular vesicles, mitochondrial DNA, microRNA
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